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MindMap Gallery The Knowledge of Sensation
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The Knowledge of Sensation
In general, the study of sensation and perception in psychology focuses on learning how our eyes, ears, and other sense organs detect stimuli from around the world.
Edited at 2020-09-18 05:47:26
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The Knowledge of Sensation
- Mind Map Kingdom
Mind maps are a great resource to help you study. A mind map can take complex topics like plant kingdom and illustrate them into simple points, as shown above.
- Team Communication Strategies
Mind maps are useful in constructing strategies. They provide the flexibility of being creative, along with the structure of a plan.
- Types of Vitamins
Vitamins and minerals are essential elements of a well-balanced meal plan. They help in ensuring that the body is properly nourished. A mind map can be used to map out the different vitamins a person requires.
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The Knowledge of Sensation
Overview
The meaning of feeling
Sensation is the human brain’s recognition of individual attributes of objective things that directly act on the sense organs. Sensation can only be produced under the direct action of objective things.
Feeling is a complete bottom-up processing, the initial input of external information into the human brain, without other processing
The Types of Feelings
Spicy, painful
Not part of taste
External feeling
Tactile
Wenjue
Cold sleep
Pain
Inner feeling
Feelings caused by internal stimuli
Kinesiology
Sense of balance
Body sense
Sensation Measurement
Absolute susceptibility and absolute threshold
The minimum amount of stimulus that can just arouse sensation is called absolute sensory threshold, and the ability of human sense organs to perceive such weak stimuli is called absolute sensibility.
Inversely proportional
The absolute threshold of the same feeling may be different under different conditions
Differential susceptibility and threshold of differential perception
The smallest amount of difference between the stimuli that can just cause different sensations is called the differential sensation threshold or the smallest noticeable difference. The human's ability to sense this smallest amount of difference is called differential receptivity.
Inversely proportional
Weber's Law
The difference threshold changes with the original stimulus intensity, but the ratio of the original stimulus intensity to the difference threshold is a constant
K=△I/I
K is a constant △ is the difference threshold I is the stimulus intensity
Feels different, Weber score is different, only suitable for moderate intensity stimulation
Fechner's Law
The intensity of the sensation is proportional to the logarithm of the stimulus intensity. Any sensation can be determined by the smallest noticeable difference in the valve line.
S=KlogR+C
Stimulus intensity increases in geometric progression, while sensory intensity increases only in arithmetic progression
S mental quantity sensation size R physical quantity stimulus intensity K and c are constant
Fechner’s research pioneered the field of psychophysics. It was based on Weber’s law and only applied to moderately strong thorns.
Stevens Power Law
American psychologist Livingstone proposed the power law about the relationship between stimulus intensity and sensation
P=KI^n
P represents the size of perception or sensation, love represents the physical quantity of stimulus, K and n are common features that are rated as a certain type of experience
The perceived magnitude is proportional to the power of the stimulus
Sensory Phenomenon
Sensation fits
The phenomenon of changes in susceptibility under continuous external stimuli is called sensory adaptation
Pain is difficult to adapt, because pain has a protective effect, dark adaptation is the process of improving susceptibility, and other adaptation processes are generally the process of reducing susceptibility
Sensation contrast
Sensory contrast means that different parts of the receptor receive different stimuli. The stimulation of one part will inhibit the response of other neighboring parts.
Phenomenon that the reaction difference of different parts will be strengthened
Feel the contrast has simultaneous contrast and sequential contrast
Synesthesia
When the receptors of one sense are stimulated, the phenomenon of sensation is also produced in the other sense pathway. Synesthesia
Receptor interaction
The mutual influence and action between different receptors, and the phenomenon of changes in the receptors, is called the interaction of sensations.
There is no taste when you have a cold
Vision
Visual Meaning
Vision is produced by the direct action of human eyes under light waves
380-780, nanometer light waves are suitable for visual stimulation
The Physiological Basis of Vision
Refraction mechanism, sensory mechanism, transmission
Eyeball
Eyeball Wall
Cornea with sclera
The cornea has refractive effects
The middle layer is the iris, jerk and choroid
Iris, behind the cornea, there is a hole in the middle in front of the lens called the pupil
Memory includes the retina and optic nerve
The retina is a transparent film, which is the photosensitive part of the eyeball, which contains photosensitive cells, pyramidal cells and rod cells
Eyeball contents
They are all refractive media. These structures plus the cornea at the front of the eyeball form the refractive system of the eye.
Crystals
Aqueous humor
Vitreous
Retina
The retina has three layers, the outermost layer contains pyramidal cells and rod cells, the second layer contains bipolar cells and other cells, and the innermost layer contains ganglion cells
Pyramidal cells and rod cells are visual receptors
Rod cells are mainly distributed around the fovea and the edge of the retina. Vertebral cells are mainly distributed in the fovea of the retina
Rod cells are organs of night vision, and vertebral cells are organs of day vision
Rod cell
Works in dim conditions, mainly to feel the light and shade of objects
Pyramidal cells
Works under moderate and strong lighting conditions, mainly to feel the details and colors of objects
Near the fovea, there is an area that is not sensitive to light, called the blind spot, where the optic ganglion cells and nerve fibers from the retina aggregate into a type of nerve
Visual transmission mechanism
After the signal is generated from the sensor
Along the nerves to the brain, the transmission mechanism is realized by the tertiary neurons
Omental bipolar cells
Optic ganglion cells
The nerve fibers from the ganglion cross at the optic chiasm, the nasal bundle crosses to the contralateral side, merges with the contralateral temporal bundle, and passes to the lateral geniculate body of the thalamus.
The third question is that neuronal fibers are sent out from the lateral geniculate body and terminate with the striate area
Lateral inhibition in visual conduction refers to the phenomenon that adjacent receptors can inhibit each other.
According to animal research, the information transmission of a sensor cell depends not only on its own speed, but also on the mixed state of neighboring cells.
Central visual mechanism
Vision is directly projected to the striatal area of the occipital lobe of the brain, and the area is initially analyzed
Some brain areas adjacent to the striatum are responsible for further processing of visual signals, producing more complex and finer vision, such as recognizing shapes and distinguishing directions
Visual Phenomenon
Color vision
Basic characteristics of color
Hue
Hue is mainly determined by the wavelength of light waves
Lightness
Brightness refers to the brightness of the color, and the brightness is determined by the intensity of the lighting and the reflection coefficient of the surface of the object
Saturation
Refers to the degree of purity or vividness of a certain color
Pure colors are highly saturated, mixed, white, gray or other colors are unsaturated colors
Fully unsaturated colors, no hue at all, such as various grays between black and white
Color mixing
Shade mixing
Color light mixing is the mixing of lights with different wavelengths. It is an addition process and the addition of lights of various wavelengths. It acts on the eyes at the same time. It is a mixture of different colors of light in the visual system.
Color mixing
Color mixing is a subtractive process. The mixing of paper paints on the palette, the process in which light of certain wavelengths is absorbed, and finally to the human eye
Color vision defect
Color vision defects include color weakness and color blindness
Color weakness
Color weakness is reduced sensitivity to a certain color
Color blindness
Full color blindness and partial color blindness
Patients with achromatopsia can only see gray and white, and lose their sensitivity to color. Such people generally do not have vertebral cells, and their vision is rod cells.
Partial color blindness is missing, and the susceptibility to certain colors still retains the experience of certain colors, the most common is red-green color blindness
Visual Contrast
Visual contrast is the visual experience caused by the different distribution of stimuli in space, which can be divided into light and dark contrast and color contrast
The contrast between light and dark is caused by the different distribution of light intensity in space. The brightness of an object depends not only on the illumination of the object and the reflection coefficient of the object surface, but also by the brightness image of the surrounding environment.
Color contrast refers to the color of an object, which will be affected by the color of the surrounding objects and change its hue. Contrast is the hue of the object, which changes in the direction of the complementary color of the background color.
Mach zone
It means that people often see a brighter band of light in the bright area and a darker line in the dark area on the border between light and dark.
Not due to the actual distribution of stimulus energy, but due to the processing of visual information by the neural network, side inhibition
Visual adaptation
The sensory changes caused by the continuous action of the stimulus
It implies the time course of the improvement of visual perception when the lighting of the film and television production stops or the oil volume turns into the dark place,
Ming Shiyin refers to the process in which the sensibility of the human eye decreases when lighting starts or changes from dark to bright
After Image
We realized the effect on the receptors. After stopping, the feeling phenomenon does not disappear immediately. He retains a short period of time. This phenomenon is called afterimage
Positive after image
Same as stimulus
Opposite after image
Quality is opposite to stimulus激物相反
Flash Fusion
Intermittent flashes, due to the increase in frequency, people will get a continuous sensation. The minimum frequency of the stimulus that can just cause fusion sensation is called the flash fusion critical frequency or flash critical frequency
It embodies the limit of the visual system's ability to distinguish time
Visual Theory
Tricolor theory
Three times said it was a British physicist, Thomas Young proposed in 1801, developed by defender Helmholtz, collectively known as the Young Helmholtz tricolor theory!
Assuming that the excitation of red, green, and blue nerve fibers in the retina can cause a primary color sensation
The three kinds of nerve fibers have their specific levels of excitement for each wave field of the spectrum. The rigid light causes the three kinds of fibers at the same time. When different degrees of excitement, various color visions are produced according to the corresponding proportions.
Antagonistic process theory
The process of color vision antagonism refers to the black forest in 1878. It assumes that there are three pairs of antagonistic opsin
White melanin
Red green pigment
Yellow blue pigment
The process of assimilation and alienation of these three pairs of visual elements produces a variety of colors. The Black Forest theory believes that cone cells can perceive the four colors of red, green, yellow, and blue.
Theoretically reasonable
At the omentum level, color vision is produced according to the principles of the three-color theory
It embodies the limit of the visual system's ability to distinguish timePyramidal cells and rod cells are visual receptors
Audio Sensation
The Meaning of Audio Sensation
Sound waves include three basic physical properties
Frequency
Frequency refers to the number of times the sound-producing object vibrates per second. hz below 16 Hz is called infrasound, and vibration above 2000 Hz is called ultrasonic
Amplitude
Refers to the deviation of the vibrating object from the starting position, which determines the sound
Waveform
The waveform of the sound wave determines the tone
Auditory Phenomenon
Tone
The tone is mainly determined by the frequency of sound waves, and the auditory characteristics
16-20000 can 1000-4000, the human ear is the most sensitive
Sound
Sound is determined by sound intensity or sound pressure level. It is a kind of auditory characteristic, high intensity, high sounding loudness, low intensity, low sounding loudness
Sound and sound frequency are also related. At the same level, the sound images of different frequencies are different.
Can be expressed by an equal loudness curve
Sound Masking
Sound masking refers to the phenomenon that a sound is caused by the interference of other sounds at the same time, but the auditory threshold rises.
Pure tone masking
Masking of pure tone by noise
The masking of speech by pure tone and noise
Auditory Theory
Location saids
The basic hypothesis of the place theory is that the nerve impulses generated by the sound stimulation of different frequencies at different locations of the basement membrane convey the cerebral infarction to produce different pitch sensations
Resonance theory
Holmz believes that the horizontal line of the basement membrane is the resonance element of the sensory sound
Traveling wave theory
When the vibration of the sound wave acts on the ruan round window, the base mold produces the corresponding vibration
The vibration starts from the bottom of the socket and gradually advances to the top of the socket. The amplitude of the vibration increases as it reaches its maximum value, and then the vibration stops advancing and disappears. The lower the frequency of the sound wave, the location of the maximum amplitude is approximately close to the top of the socket, and the higher the frequency. The maximum amplitude is closer to the nest
The basement membrane at the bottom of the cochlea vibrates for both high and low sounds, while the top only vibrates for bass stimulation
Frequency theory
Rowe Feld 1886
He believes that the frequency of sound is encoded by the rate of firing of neurons in the auditory nerve
The rate of a single god’s endogenous impulse in the auditory pathway cannot be faster than 1000 Hz, and a single auditory nerve fiber cannot transmit all frequencies in the range of human hearing.
Neural salvo theory
Weaver
When the sound frequency is within 400 Hz, a single nerve fiber has met the firing rate of the frequency, and impulse release occurs.
When the frequency increases, due to the cooperation and mutual connection between the nerve fibers, a nerve salvo phenomenon occurs
In this way, the total effect of nerve fibers firing impulses can reflect the frequency of sound waves
The Physiological Basis of Hearing
The structure and function of the ear
external ear
Pinna, external auditory canal, collect sound
Middle ear
Tympanic membrane, three ossicles, ruan round window and positive round window
inner ear
The vestibular organs and the cochlea,
The cochlea is the auditory organ of the human ear. There are balance receptors in the vestibular organ
Auditory transmission mechanism and central mechanism
The axons of hair cells leave the cochlea to form the auditory nerve! , He first projects the water quality of the brainstem, and then forms synapses with the dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei
Other Sensation
Tactile feeling
The sensation caused by unevenly distributed pressure on the skin, tactile pressure
Sensors for tactile pressure are the nerve endings in the dermis, and different parts of the skin have different tactile receptors.
Tactile
External irritation contacts the skin, the surface deforms the skin slightly
Pressure
External irritation causes obvious skin deformation
Smell
The sense of smell is suitable for stimulating gaseous substances with smell
Sensors are olfactory cells
The olfactory receptors are significantly reduced when they adapt
The only sensation that passes directly into the brain without passing through the thalamus
Taste
Suitable for stimulus, chemical substance soluble in water
The receptors are taste buds distributed on the tongue
Sweet
Tip of tongue
Salt
Middle of tongue
Sour
Both sides of tongue
Bitter
Back of tongue
There is obvious adaptation and contrast in taste
Kinesthetic
Kinesthesia is also called motor sensation. It reflects the position of various parts of the body, movement and muscle tension, and is an important form of internal feeling
Sensors exist in muscle tissues, tendons, ligaments and joints. Spindles, tendon spindles, joint corpuscles, and kinesthesia are the important basis for voluntary movement
Visceral feeling
Visceral sensation is also called somatosensory, which is produced by visceral activity acting on the receptors on the organ wall
The nature of visceral sensation is uncertain and lacks accurate positioning, also called dark sensation