problems/difficult with word, punctuation,...

scabble, crosswords, dictionaries

1. Duality of Structure or Patterning

2. Creativity or Productivity

3. Interchangeability

4. Cultural Transmission

5. Displacement

6. Specialization

7. Arbitrariness

8. Redundancy

9. Discreteness

10. Reflexiveness

establishing the facts of a particular language system

The study of language change

Historical development of the language through time

The study of language states, regardless of their history

establishing general principles for the study of all languages

focus on similarities and differences b/w languages

application of the concepts and methods to other areas -- language teaching, translation, testing....

The articulation and perception of speech sounds

The patterning of speech sounds

The study of the organization of the units of the sounds of speech into syllables

The formation of Words

The study of words

The formation of phrases and sentences

Deals with the combination of words into phrases, clauses and sentences

The interpretation of words and sentences

The study of meaning in all its aspects

Lang variation and use in relation to the cultural patterns and beliefs

applies equally to several other fields

biological conditions for lang devlopment

analysis of lang disorders

fields of computer translation

teaching and learning lang

ethnic types and behaviour

regional distribution of lang/dialects, geographical factor in the environment

mathematical properties of lang, as algebra, statistics...

brain's control over the processes of speech and understanding

in the elucidation of philosophical concepts

linguistics behaviour - memory, attention

interaction b/w lang and structure and functioning of society

Statistical or quantitative properties of lang

used by biblical scholars, theologians, religious belief

5th -19th C

Linguists

Subordinate to logic and philosophy

only language of the great writers of that time "Pure, perfect, correct use"

Prescriptive in nature

19th -1950s

linguists

Autonomous science

each language was treated with respect

written, also spoken language

Descriptive

Use of Meaning in the description of grammatical categories - rejected

1957 - now

linguists

a branch of cognitive psychology