transmigration of souls, same kind of soul in animals as in humans

vegetarian

natural hierarchy of sentient beings, philosophers at the top, free men, women and slaves, animals

possession of a soul is proportional to rationality

1:26 rada - to drive (as in, to drive the flock), to rule, to chastise; Syriac, rada - to drive or tend the flock, to subdue; Arabic, rada(y) - to tread, to walk on; Akkadian, radu - to drive or to tend the flock, as in a shepherd, to go, to flow

modern (and possibly ancient) Christian interpretations of Genesis Hebrew 'rada' as stewardship or shepherding not as exploitative and despotic dominion.

only the reasoning soul survives after death, so not babies or animals

sacredness in nature, all creations to be treated with reverence, not actually only focussed on animals

vegetarian, released captive birds from the market

Utopia - no hunting for sport, no animal sacrifices

Claude Bernard, dissected his wife's pet dog, she left him

unanaesthetised vivisection justified by Descartes' rationalism that only rational beings have souls

self-reflexive consciousness essential for experience of suffering, assumed no non-human animals had self-reflexive consciousness, therefore concluded animals could not sufferonly unconscious reaction to stimuli

animals do not have rational souls, but, kindness to animals is associated with people, therefore is a moral imperative

George Fox, John Wesley

concerned for children not to grow up to be cruel to animals because they will be cruel to people too

overall, more naturalistic, anti-authoritarian attitude to ethics, that morality emerges from the inner light/ personal conscience

(Ruth Harrison also a Quaker, many Quakers involved in Compassion in World Farming)

vegetarian, animal rights

utilitarianism

driving animals to slaughter in towns

no refrigeration, so animals would be forced to walk extremely long distances to slaughter in towns and cities

royal assent to the RSPCA 1840

made animal welfare concern respectable

Animal Cruelty Act 1876

urgent need for efficient food production

industrialisation of animal production

Animal Machines, 1964

farm animal welfare campaigner

first use of term 'factory farm'

Quaker

says he was originally inspired by Ruth Harrison

utilitarian, focus on sentience

social evolution of morality

expanding circle of moral concern

intrinsic value principle

miniride (minimise overriding of conflicting intrinsic rights) principle

worse off principle

Affection

Utility

motivations

assumptions about sentience

phylogenetic hierarchy (or similarity to humans)

factual assumptions/ knowledge

embrace affection, reject utility

reject affection, embrace utility

Distancing/ Compartmentalisation

Recompense rituals (special case of compartmentalisation)

investment dynamics

affective dynamics

kin-based social unit

modern nuclear family v recent

social environment in which human nature evolved

extended kinship networks

male parental care, cultural structures that enforce paternal care

monogamy evolved because it reduces inter-male competition and thus enables stabilisation of larger political coalitions

multi-level societies, i.e. grandparents, parents, juveniles and offspring co-operate in food hunting and gathering and care of offspring

kin selection special case of reciprocity

individual recognition is essential pre-requisite

"arms-race" between FPSL and counter-mechanisms

exceptionally altricial

development of social cognition

extended post-reproductive stage

relatively stable pair-bonding, male investment in offspring

Kin networks

groups that could collaborate were more successful

kin selection by inclusive fitness explains maternal care

but, offspring are only 50% related to mother, and 50-25% related to (half)-siblings

rb>c,soif b (infant) < rc (mother), net cost of inclusive fitness to motherif b (infant) >2x rc (mother), net cost of inclusive fitness to infant

maternal-infant conflict is essentially due to the 'relatedness imbalance'relatedness imbalance is ultimately because of sexual reproduction with haploid gametes

in third trimester, mother's hormones limit nutrition to foetus

gestational diabetes/ pre-eclampsia, metabolic diseases related to excessive cost to mother

besides metabolic pregnancy diseases, evidence of maternal-infant conflict in reality is thin

difficult to observe in humans, partly because of complex social networks of care that relieve excess costs of infant care on mothers before excessive costs start to show(especially in original EEA Environment of Evolutionary Adaptedness)

phenotype matching

co-residence since infancy

consequences

gender differences

intra-group conflict

90% respondents in US survey answered they consider pets as 'part of the family'

universal human trait

levels of attachment to pets

adaptive trait in humans?

pathological attachment

psychology of animal abandonment

psychology of cruelty to animals

widespread, more or less present in most cultures, found in hunter-gatherer societies which are in EEA

most common in urban industrialised and subsistence hunting societies, least common in subsistence farming societies

e.g. Japanese 'Mushi'

Amazonian indigenous peoples, favour primates, indifferent to dogs

benefits to humans

costs to humans