Chronic Venous Insufficiency
Chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) is a condition that occurs when the venous wall and/or valves in the leg veins are not working effectively, making it difficult for blood to return to the heart from the legs.
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In the U.S.A. by the age of fifty 40% of females and 20% of males are effected by CVI
Chronic Venous Disease the mother to CVI is found to be around 64% worldwide

Sluggish circulation to the extremities that needed demands of oxygen and nutrients are not met
Inability for venous return to remove wastes adequately
Pressure and simple trauma causes cell death and due to chronic poor circulation cells without adequate oxygen are unable to repair damages

Noninvasive therapy
Compression therapy
Elevating Legs
Physical Exercise
Lifestyle Changes
Elevate your legs above the level of your heart when sitting
If overweight lose weight.
Limit smoking and alcohol abuse
Prompt a healthy diet and physical activity
Avoid long periods of standing or sitting
Noninvasive testing
Venography
Reflux
Superficial ---->Venous Ablation or Stripping
Deep ---->Vein Reconstruction
Perforator ---->SEPS or Subfascial Endoscopic Perforator Surgery
Non-Acute Obstruction ---->Venous Stenting
Sclerotherapy ----> Injection into veins to create swelling and cause coagulation of blood thus narrowing of the blood vessel wall
Vasoactive Drugs ---->lvenor, Ardium, Arvenum 500, Capiven, Daflon 500 mg, Detralex, Elatec, Flebotropin, Variton, Venitol
Muscle Pump Dysfunction ----> Physical Exercise
Endovenous Thermal Ablation

Complete medical history
Physical Exam (examine legs closesly)
A vascular or duplex ultrasound
Images of the vessel
Examine the blood circulation in legs

Edema in lower extremities
Pain/ Aching
Heaviness
Hyper-pigmentation of feet and ankles
Itching
Skin irritation
Ulcers

Agus, G. B., (2016). Conservative treatment of chronic venous disease: the Italian experience. Phleboloympholoy. Retrieved from the website http://www.phlebolymphology.org/conservative-treatment-of-chronic-venous-disease- the-italian/
Cleveland Clinic, (2015). Chronic Venous Insufficiency. Retrieved from the website http://my.clevelandclinic. org /services/heart/disorders/arterial-and-vascular/disease/chronic-venous-insufficiency
Huether, S.E. & McCance, K. L. (2012). Understanding pathophysiology (Laureate custom ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby.
Vascular Disease Foundation, (2011). What is Chronic Venous Insufficiency (CVI)? Retrieved from the website http://vasculardisease.org/flyers/chronic-venous-insufficiency-flyer.pdf
Zimbron, J. (2008). Mind maps—Dementia, endocarditis, and gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GERD) [PDF]. Retrieved from http://MedMaps.co.uk