the first camera was the camera obscurawhich was a darkened chamber or room. Thecamera was then shrunk to the size of aportable box

the first successful photograph was createdby Joseph Niepce in 1827. The firstpractical photographic process was calledthe Daquerrotype, created by LouisDaquerrotype

the Caloype process was created by WilliamFox Tabot. This is where the subject wasexposed onto a light sensitive paper producinga paper negative. This is the process that isthe basis of modern photography

the next process was created by Archer, whichwas called the Wet Plate Process. The nextprocess, and the first dry process was createdby Richard Maddox

Eastman then established the Eastman KodakCompany with the motto "your press thebutton, we do the rest". The first camera toenter the public was the Brownie

the first color photograph was taken by JamesClerk Maxwell. The invention of instantphotography was by Edwin Land.

Mergenthaler was Celphane's goal, but it wasMergenthaler that suggested casting type inmetal rather than papier-mache

this machine set the type mechanically ratherthan by hand. The first one was installed inNew York

the linotype machine had a 90 characterkeyboard with separate keys for uppercaseletters, due to the lack of a shift key. Thearrangement of the this keyboard was byletter frequency. The English alphabet was onthere twice, black keys were lowercase, whitekeys were uppercase. Then there wereseparate blue keys for punctuation, digits,small capital letters, and fixed width spaces

Gutenberg was inspired to make better booksbecause of his love for reading and hisfather's work as a merchant and goldsmith

he created his metal type out of an alloy oflead, tin, and aluminum that melted at lowtemperatures. This was a much more durable

printing presses influenced the making ofmany other things, such as paper, which wasdevelopoed in China by Ts'ai Lun.

the first book printed was the Bible

Gutenberg impacted communication in manyways. He perfected script, books were maderapidly, current information could be sharedlocally and around the world, book costdecreased and therefor the demand grew,books were written in many differentlanguages, trade flourished, economiesbecame stronger, and brought us into theRenaissance

print techniques we still use today are reliefprinting, intaglio, porous, and lithography

scrolls were either long, continuous pieces ofpapyrus, or separate sheets glued together,and were then simply rolled up, or withwooden rollers at each end

then came the codex, which was a coveredand bound collection of handwritten pageswith advantages such as compactness,sturdiness, and ease of referance

parchment was a substrate made from ananimal skin such as sheep, goat, and cow,where the hair and fat were removed, the skinsmoothed out soaked in water, then calcium,flour, and salt, finally it was stretched anddried. This made it very durable

monastic monks then made books, callediluminated manuscripts, where the text and theborders were adorned with elaborteillustrations and ornamentation

it was easy to learn, therforspread very eaisly, and used asthe first widespread script. thephonetic alphabet gave rise toother alphabets such as Latin

there were two forms. a rigid,formal script that was used forimportant and officialmanuscripts, and a quick informalstyle used for routine writings

a serif is a finishing of stroke,originated when someone wascarving words into a stone,making the words more legible.the baseline is where mostletters sit, and the descender isthe part of a letter that goesunder the baseline

the word hieroglyphics is derivedfrom the two Greek words hieroand glyphic, meaning sacredwriting

hieroglyphics were used forreligion, government, for themilitary leaders to communicate inbattle, and to show respect totheir gods and goddesses

it was written on papyrus, which isa substrate made by placing wetreeds crisscross over each other,flattened and dried, rubbed withflat stones until it was smooth

the famous Rosetta Stone wasfound by the french under thecharge of Napoleon Bonaparte. Ithead three languages,hieroglyphics, Greek. and Demotic.

cuneiform was used to keep track of all thebusiness transactions

it was made by pressing with rods made withreeds on clay tablets

it began the series of pictographs

more complex words needed complicated,long imprints or indents in the clay

most of the paintings were of large animals,hands, and abstract patterns made from water,plant juice, and blood. They were painted onby brushes made of sticks, small stones,leaves, and hair

two of the most famous caves are in Lascaux,France and Altamira, Spain. The oldest isChauvet Pont d' Arc

cave paintings were said to be created forstory telling, instructional and visual aids, andmagical or religious reasons

no one knows who discovered Lascaux, but theones who discovered Altamira were MarcelinSanz de Sautuola and daughter Maria. A groupof people discovered Chauvet Pont d' Arc andtheir names were Eliette Brunell Deschamps,Christian Hillarie, and Jean Marie Chauvet