Formed when the ionization energy of active metal atoms is less than the affinity energy of active non-metal atoms

Ionic bonds are non-directional and can form bonds in any direction

Ionic bonds have no saturation and will form as many bonds as possible

The charge number of the bonded ion (mainly) Related to the internuclear distance of bonded ions (minor)

Composition: anion and cation

Composition: Under the action of electrostatic force

Composition rules: Metal ions have small electronegativity, and non-metal ions have large electronegativity.

Characteristics: High melting and boiling point

Only the outer orbits of the bonding atoms and the electrons in them participate in the bonding process

Bonding occurs when the orbits of unpaired electrons with similar outer energies and opposite spins overlap.

Overlap along the direction of maximum electron probability density (head to head) - σ bond

Electron orbital directions are parallel (side by side) - Π bond

In order to enhance the effective overlap of orbits and enhance the bonding ability, atomic orbitals with similar energies but different types within the same atom tend to be mixed to form new orbitals

Features: The number of orbitals participating in hybridization = the number of hybrid orbitals formed

type

chemical bond polarity

Molecules composed of nonpolar bonds are generally nonpolar molecules (exception: ozone)

Whether the positive and negative charge centers in a molecule overlap determines whether the molecule is polar.

Generally, symmetrical molecular structures are non-polar molecules (regular tetrahedron, planar triangle)

nature

Classification

forming conditions

Features

Molecular orbitals are linear combinations of atomic orbitals in the molecule

Symmetry matching principle

energy similarity principle

Maximum track overlap principle