1. Notion of a Divine Plan 2. Great Chain of Being; this thinking traces back to Plato and his followers 3. Dualism: a Platonic idea, spirit, soul, intellect and reason gave shape and nobility to unruly matter. In Christian eyes, our physical bodies incited us to sin. 4. Allegory: reading a material thing to find the higher spiritual or moral meaning behind it. 5. Providence: mere accidents seldom happen 6. Teleology: from Aristotle, all things have a telos, or inherent purpose

The renaissance began as a adaption of Medieval worldviews and its initial target was as a campaign for medieval Latin.

Humanists unearthed old Greek and Classical works, looked to a more secular view of society, put the emphasis back on man as an entity

Humanists perfected a linguistic science called philology, the study of vocabulary and usage.

Castiglione writes The Courtier, a work on the skills and values of a good courtier

Macchiavelli writes The Prince, an analysis of power and how to be a good leader.

A method of governing in which land is central

Lords held fiefs, had power to tax, to judge, to run the local markets; power inherited

Armoured knights on horseback

Stone Castle

Cannon was invented

Kingston, Quebec, Louisburg, etc

- Continent was under partial Spanishhegemony until early 17th century.

- Spain was a divided kingdom

- Success came with its colonies in the NewWorld.

- Charles V split his kingdom and put

Spain and the Netherlands together and his successor faced problems of religious division.

- War of Religions: Huguenots (Calvinists) vs.Catholics

- Saint Bartholomew's Massacre killed manyHuguenots

- Henri IV of Bourbon enacts the Edict ofNantes, grants Huguenots immunity and says"Paris is worth a mass"

- Henry VIII splits the Church and forms AnglicanProtestanism because he cannot divorce hiswife.

- Henry's successor, Elizabeth I, defeats herCatholic older sister Bloody Mary for the throne,and rules for long years.

- Civil War happens in 1642 that unseats andbeheads Charles I, leading to a Calvinistrepublic

- Italy is not a singular state.; consisted mainlyof city-states such as Venice, Milan, Florence

- Was under rule in Hapsburg lands by HolyRoman Emperor.

- Peace of Augsburg enacted by Charles V: "hewho holds power holds religion."

- In 1618, Germany slips into the 30 Years War

- "low countries" where many traders met; 17provinces

- Fought against Spanish rule

- Muslim state feared by Europe

- Had a civil service mainly made up of slaves,children of Christian mothers converted toIslam; the Janissaries were also slaves; theTurks also tolerated the practice of otherfaiths

- Ivan the Terrible undercuts power of the oldboyar nobility