- Past modals allow us to talk about past events that did not happen. We use the following structure: If+had + past participle, would have + past participle Example:- If we had planned better, we would have seen improvements already. The reality is we didn't plan well enough and we haven't seen improvements. We can use could to show we think something would have happened, but we are not completely sure. We use should and shouldn't to talk about things that were a good idea to do - or not do, but the opposite happened. Example: The management should have told us about the changes. Mixed conditionals - In mixed conditionals, the two clauses refer to different times. Example: - Fewer people would be unhappy now if they had told people about the changes

1. accumulation /'kju.mjǝ.leiSn/ - c. the process by which something increases in amount: sự tích luỹ Ex: As people accumulate more wealth, they tend to spend a greater proportion of their incomes 2. compile (v) /kam parl/ - h. to make something by bringing together information from different places: biên soạn Ex: We're compiling some facts and figures for a documentary on the subject. 3. discretion /dr skref.an/- a. the right or ability to make a judgment or decision : tự do hành động, tuỳ ý Ex: "Can you trust him with this?" "Yes, he's the soul of discretion he will not tell other people). 4. enforce (v) /m fo:s/-e. to make sure that a law or rule is obeyed by people: Thi hành Ex: It isn't always easy for the police to enforce speed limits. 5. persistent (adj) /pa'sis.tǝnt/- g. continuing to do something in a determined way: kiên trì Ex: There have been persistent rumours that the principal might take early retirement. 6. mutual (adj) /mju.tfu.al/- f felt or done in the same way by each of two or more people: Hỗ trợ Ex. Theirs was a partnership based on mutual respect, trust and understanding. 7. restrict (v) /n'strikt/ - d. to keep something within strict limits: Han ché Ex: The government has restricted freedom of movement into and out of the country. 8, rigid (adj) /'nd3.id/ - b. not easily changed : Tough, not easily changed: cứng rắn, không dễ thay đổi Ex: a rigid steel and concrete structure 21°C

- be lost for words: to be so shocked, surprised, full of admiration, etc. that you cannot speak Ex: Mary was lost for words when she was awarded the prize - know what you are talking about: to understand a subject because of your experience Ex: He doesn't know what he's talking about - he's never even been to Africa. - off the record: if someone says something off the record, they do not want it to be publicly reported Ex: She made it clear that her comments were strictly off the record. - share your thoughts: to talk about one's opinions, likes, fears, etc. Ex: Tell us how you have used the film, or share your thoughts about it. - start the ball rolling: to make something begin or happen Ex: We have to get the ball rolling on this project soon. - the ins and outs: the detailed or complicated facts of something Ex: I know how to use computers, but I don't really understand the ins and outs of how they work. - put your finger on something: to discover the exact reason why a situation is the way it is, especially when something is wrong Ex: There's something odd about him, but I can't quite put my finger on it. - be caught off guard: surprised someone by doing something that they are not expecting or ready for Ex: The news caught her completely off guard – she didn't know what to say.

Catenation and elision: - Native speakers of English pronounce words in connected speech in the most efficient, fluent way. - Precise pronunciation tends to be used by native speakers for specific purposes only, such as emphasizing a point - More usual natural pronunciation makes frequent use of linking (catenation) and leaving out sounds (elision). Catenation: - Speakers tend to link the final consonant sound of a word to the initial vowel sound of the next word. Example: ask a question - as ka question Elision: - Vowel sounds from unstressed syllables are often elided in natural connected speech. Consonant sounds /t/ and /d/ are often left out, particularly when in groups of consonants Example: Compare to that - compare that

1. constraints (n) /kənˈstreɪnt/ limitations and restrictions 2. diligent (adj) /ˈdɪl.ə.dʒənt/ being careful and conscientious in work 3. latch on to (v) attach to 4. proximity (n) /prɑːkˈsɪm.ə.t̬i/ nearness 5. segregation (n) /ˌseɡ.rəˈɡeɪ.ʃən/ the separation of different types of people 6. unchaperoned (adj) without supervision

addictive ( adj ) /əˈdɪk.tɪv/ so enjoyable that you want to have it as often as possible ( hấp dẫn , lôi cuốn , gây nghiện ) Tobacco is highly addictive. agenda (n) /əˈdʒen.də/ all the things that need to be done, thought about or solved ( chương trình nghị sự) angle (n) /ˈæŋ.ɡəl/ a particular way of thinking about something ( góc nhìn) coverage ( n) /ˈkʌv.ɚ.ɪdʒ/ news about something on TV or radio or in the newspapersnewspapers (phủ sóng, phạm vi ) What do you think of BBC election coverage ? exaggerate (v) /ɪɡˈzædʒ.ə.reɪt/ to decribe something in a way that makes it seem , eg, better or worse than it really is (nói quá) insight (n) a chance to understanding something or learn more about it ( cái nhìn sâu sắc ) It was an interesting book, full of fascinating insights into human relationships. perception (n) a particular way of understanding or thinking about something ( sự nhận thức) We have to change the public's perception that money is being wasted. revert to (v) /rɪˈvɝːt/ to return to a previous state or way of behaving ( hoàn lại )

1. B. Campaign: /kæmˈpeɪn/: A series of actions intended to produce political or social change 2. A. Cutthroat: /ˈkʌt.θrəʊt/: To get rid of st 3. D. Directive: /daɪˈrek.tɪv/: An official order 4. F. Do away with: Describing situations when people behave unfairly to get an advantage 5. H. Feasible: /ˈfiː.zə.bəl/: Possible or likely to succeed 6. C. Glimpse: /ɡlɪmps/: When you see s.o or s.t for a moment only 7. G. Infrastructure: /ˈɪn.frəˌstrʌk.tʃər/: The set of system within an organization that affect operations 8. E. Vulnerable: /ˈvʌl.nər.ə.bəl/: Weak or easy to hurt physically or mentally