Information encoding: It is the process by which people obtain individual experience, or the process of converting external information into forms, which is equivalent to the "memorization" stage.

Storage: It is to keep things perceived, emotions experienced, actions done, problems thought about, etc. in a certain form in people's minds. The way knowledge is stored in the human brain is also called the representation of knowledge

Retrieval: refers to the process of searching for existing information from memory, which is equivalent to the "remembering" stage. including recognition and recollection

Sensory memory: When the objective stimulus stops acting, the sensory information is saved in a very short period of time, which is the beginning stage of the memory system.

Short-term memory: It is the intermediate stage between sensory memory and long-term memory, and the retention time is about 1 minute. Capacity is limited.

long term memory

explicit memory

implicit memory

prospective memory

retrospective memory

Mechanical rehearsal: the simple repetition of information in short-term memory, also called retention rehearsal

Elaborate rehearsal: analyzing information in short-term memory to establish connections with existing experiences, also known as integrated rehearsal

Fading theory: It is believed that if the information in short-term memory is not repeated, its memory traces will naturally weaken or even fade away.

Interference theory: It is believed that forgetting is caused by interference from other information in short-term memory.

Speech loop: used to store and process speech or sound-based information

.Visual spatial template: used to store and process visual and spatial information

Episodic buffer: used to store information from the phonological loop, visuospatial templates, and long-term memory.

Central executive system: It is a control system with limited attention resources and an important component of working memory.

Working memory plays an important role in many high-level cognitive activities (such as problem solving, spatial cognition, language acquisition and processing), and the phonological loop can promote language understanding; the phonological loop plays an important role in vocabulary acquisition; The basis of human advanced cognitive activities. The central executive system plays an important role in language understanding.

reading span measurement

Operation span measurement

state of consciousness while encoding

Processing depth

The nature and quantity of memorizing materials

degree of learning

Understand the reporter’s attitude

Serial positions of memorizing materials

decline

interference

depress

Failed to extract

Encoding stage 2. Focus on memory 1. Remember in a awake state 3. Process deep meaning

Storage stage 1. Review in time and review frequently 2. Use detailed retelling (such as connecting with existing knowledge and experience, giving a certain meaning, 4. Reading and recalling alternately classifying, making outlines, and mind maps) 3. Correctly allocate review items Time (distributed review is better than concentrated review) 5. Over-learning appropriately

Retrieval stage 1. Use the principle of encoding specificity 2. Use the testing effect to help memory