Unit 4-Sensation and Perception
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Gestalt Rules
Several Factors influence how we will groupobjects
Proximity, Similarity, Continuity, Closure
Constantcy
Our ability to maintain a constant perception ofan object despite movement
Size constancy, Shape constancy, Brightnessconstancy
Perceived Motion
Ability to gauge motion
Depth Cues
Monocular Cues
Linear Perspective, Relative Size, InterpositionCue, Texture Gradient
Binocular Cues
Binocular Disparity, Convergence

Signal Detection Theory
Investigates the effects of the distractions andinterference we experience while perceiving theworld
Top-Down Processing
We perceive by filling in gaps in what we sense
Bottom-Up Processing
We use the features of the object itself to builda complete perception

Olfaction
Molecules settle in a mucous membrane at thetop of each nostril and are absorbed byreceptor cells located there
Olfactory bulb
Olfactory receptors
Thalamus

Gate Control Theory
Some pain messages have a higher priority thanothers

Taste buds absorb the chemicals from the foodwe eat
Sweet, salty, sour, bitter, umami

Amplitude
height of the wave and determines the loudnessof the sound
Frequency
the length of the waves, determines the pitch
Outer ear, eardrum, hammer, anvil, stirrup,cochlea, hair cells
Pitch Theories
Place Theory: the hair cells in the cochlearespond to different frequencies of sound basedon where they are located in the cochlea
Frequency Theory: hair cells sense the upperrange of pitches but not the lower ones

Order of reflected light in eyes: Cornea, pupil,lens, retina
Accommodation: light that enters the pupil isfocused by the lens
Transduction: translation of incoming stimuliinto neural signals
Visual Cortex
Trichromatic Theory
We have three types of cones in the retina
Opponent Process Theory
Sensory receptors arranged in the retina comein pairs (red/green, yellow/blue, black/white)