Kidney abd urerers lie in the abdominalcavity; partly covered by the ribs.

The bladder is in the device cavity.

The urethea is below the pelvis.

Renal blood supply

Functional unit of the kidney

consists of renal tube and associatcy bloodvessels

most are cortical nephrons

juxtameduallary nephrons have long loopsof henle.

the number of nephrons is constant frombirth if they are lost, others take on extrato work effectively.

Structure

3 layered tubes

plant into the bladder at a shallow angle.

Peristalsis moves urine from renal pelvis tothe bladder.

in males it is in front of the rectum and infemales it is front of the vajina and belowthe uterus.

situated behind the symphysis pubis.

Folds of peritoneum holds it in place.

Bladder capacity on average is 700800ml smaller in females and over filling can leadto a rupture.

Lined by transmittal epithelium which canfold as rugae.

The desirous is 3 layers of smooth muscle.

The outer superior layer is peritonuem;inferior this is a fibrous covering,

external anatomy

Internal anatomy

volume 2000ml per 24 hours

yellow/amber In colour

clarity transparent when fresh

smell mild aromatic when fresh

pH should range from 4.68.0

specific gravity range 1.001 1.035

Normal

Abnormal

In women

In men

It is the exit tube from the bladder to theoutside the flow of urine is controlled by 2muscular spincher.