Presidential vs. Congressional Reconstruction

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A mind map about Presidential vs. Congressional Reconstruction.

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Outline

Reconstruction

Presidential

Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction (1863)

Full presidential pardons to most confederate officers who: 1. took oath of allegiance to the Union/Constitution 2. accepted the emancipation of slaves

A state government could be accepted by the president if 10% of voters in a state took a loyalty oath

Lenient to shorten the war and enforce the emancipation proclamation

Wade Davis Bill (1864)

Instead of 10% plan, required 50% of voters of a state to take a loyalty oath, permitted only non-confederates to vote for a new state constitution

Lincoln did not sign, pocket veto

Freedmen's Bureau

Acted as early welfare agency, providing food, shelter, medical aid for those destitute by the war

Originally could resettle blacks on confiscated land, but President Johnson pardoned the confederate owners so the land was given back to them

Success in education, General Oliver O. Howard, 3000 schools for freed blacks

Before federal funding stopped, 200,000 African Americans were taught how to read

Andrew Johnson's Pardons

Served as escape clause from 1865 reconstruction proclamation which stated that all former leaders and officeholders of the confederacy and confederates with more than $20,000 in taxable property could not vote or hold office.

Confederate leaders were back in office by fall 1865

Black Codes

Prohibited blacks from renting land or borrowing money to buy land

Placed freedmen into semi bondage by forcing them as “vagrants” and “apprentices” to sign work contracts

Prohibited blacks from testifying against whites in court

Johnson's Vetos

Rejected bill increasing services and protection offered by Freedmen's Bureau and civil rights bill that nullified Black Codes and offered citizenship/equal rights to African Americans

Congressional

Civil Rights Act of 1866

Congressional reconstruction to override Johnson's vetos of Freedmen's Bureau Act and first Civil Rights act

14th Amendment

General

-All persons born or naturalized in the US were citizens-States must respect the rights of US citizens and protect them with “equal protection of the laws” and “due process of law”

Congress

-Disqualified former confederate political leaders from holding either state or federal offices-Repudiated the debts of the defeated governments of the confederacy-Penalized a state if it kept an eligible person from voting by reducing that state’s proportional representation in Congress and the electoral college

1st time states had to uphold the rights of citizens

Election of 1866

2/3 republican majority in the house and senate

Reconstruction Acts of 1867

Increased requirements to rejoin the Union -- Had to ratify 14th amendmentFranchise (right to vote) to all adult males, regardless of race

South placed under military occupation, divided into 5 military districts

Impeachment of Andrew Johnson

Andrew Johnson dismissed Secretary of War Stanton, which was against the Tenure of Office act which stated that the President could not remove federal officials or military commanders without the approval of the Senate

Impeached by the House, but the Senate was one vote short

15th amendment

States cannot deny or abridge citizens right to vote

Civil Rights Act of 1875

Equal accommodation in public places and prohibited courts from excluding African Americans from juries