"Business transactions betweeen parties from more than one country"
Key Players
Large Companies from Wealthy Nations
Firms from Emerging Markets
Small & Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs)
Multinational Enterprises (MNEs)
Born Global Firms
Reasons for Trade
Absolute Advantage
Comparative Advantage
Globalization
Trend toward greater economic, cultural, political, and technological interdependence among national institutions and economies
Exporting
Importing
Licensing
Strategic Alliance
Joint Venture
Direct Investment
Risk
Cross-Cultural
Financial
Currency & Exchange Rates
Relative Inflation Rates
Relative Income
Govt. restrictions on flow of goods/services
Risk Perception
Relative Interest Rates
Govt. restrictions on capital flow
Commercial
Country
Political System
Totalitarianism
Command Economies
Socialism
Mixed Economies
Democracy
Market Economies
Legal System
Common Law
Civil Law
Religious Law
Mixed System
Government Intervention
Tariff
Non-tariff Trade Barrier
Quota
Investment Barrier
SWF vs FDI
Sovereign Wealth Fund (SWF)
Indonesia Investment Authority (INA)
Objective: To manage domestic assets for growth.
Foreign Direct Investment
Strategy in which the firm establishes a physical presence abroad by acquiring productive assets such as capital, technology, labor, land, plant, and equipment
Motives
Market Seeking
Asset/Resource Seeking
Efficiency Seeking
Selecting FDI Locations
Market
Human Resource
Infrastructural
Political and Governmental
Legal and Regulatory
Economic
Profit Retention
Theories of International Trade and Investment
Nation-level
Why Do Nations Trade?
Mercantilism
Absolute Advantage Principle
Comparative Advantage Principle
Factor Proportions Theory
International PLC Theory
New Trade Theory
Competitive Advantage
Competitive Advantage of Nations
Michael Porter's Diamond Model
National Industrial Policy
Firm-level
Why Do Firms Go Global?
Internationalization Process of Firm
Born Global and International Entrepreneurship
Competitive Advantage
Monopolistic Advantage Theory
Internalization theory
Dunning Eclectic's Paradigm
International Collaborative Ventures
Network and Relational Assets
Sustainability through ESG
Environmental
How the company deal with operation-affected environment
Social
How is the relationships between company and the stakeholders (consumer, supplier, etc)
Governance
How is the company being governed
Impact
Investment
Sustainability
Sustainability through Blue Economy
Business sustainability through continuous cycle process with radical resource productivity and zero waste