decrease B.Volume

increase heart rate

TACHYCARDIA

low blood pressure

hemorrhage are minimal

minimal tachycardia

No changes in blood pressure, pulse pressure, or respiratory rate.

tachycardia

tachypnea

decreased pulse pressure

rise in diastolic blood pressure

most are stabilized initially with crystalloid solutions.

tachycardia

tachypnea

changes in mental status

fall in systolic blood pressure

The priority of initial management is to stop the hemorrhage, by emergency operation or embolization, if necessary.

tachycardia

decrease in systolic blood pressure

Urinary output is negligible

COMPLETE EXAMINATION When exposing a patient, it is essential to prevent hypothermia, a condition that can exacerbate blood loss by contributing to coagulopathy and worsening acidosis.

In unconscious patients, gastric distention increases the risk of aspiration of gastric contents, a potentially fatal complication.

The most efficient way to prevent hypothermia in any patient receiving massive resuscitation of crystalloid and blood is to heat the fluid to 39°C (102.2°F) before infusing it.

> 10 units of pRBCs within the first 24 hours of admission or more than 4 units in 1 hour.

ranexamic acid in the prehospital setting to severely injured patients,drug is administered within 3 hours of injury,the first dose is usually given over 10 minutes and is administered in the field, the follow-up dose of 1 gram is given over 8 hours.