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Female Reproductive System
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Female Reproductive System
Ovary
Ovaries are a pair of almond shaped organs in the pelvic cavity.
It is overed by a
simple cuboidal epithelium
which called the germinal
epithelium.
Tunica albuginea
is a dense connective tissue capsule located between
the germinal epithelium and the underlying cortex.
The peripheral portion of the ovary containing
ovarian follicles
embedded in a
highly cellular connective tissue
stroma is called the
cortex
.
Vagina
- Vagina is a muscular tubelike organ.
- Which extends from the cervix to the
external genitalia.
Lined by a
stratified squamous (incompletely keratinized)
epithelium
, and does not have glands.
Epithelial cells accumulate large amounts of glycogen during
the follicular phase
- The
muscularis
of the vagina is composed mainly of longitudinal
smooth muscle, with some circular fibers near the mucosa.
- The
adventitia
is a dense connective tissue, rich in elastic fibers.
In this region is also found extensive venous plexus, bundles of nerve
fibers, and clusters of neurons.
Female external reproductive organs
Oviduct
Also known
Fallopian tubes
It carries the ova from the surface of the ovaries to the uterine cavity.
Site of fertilization
by spermatozoa.
Divided into 4 parts
Mammary Gland
Specialized accessory glands, consisting of 15-25 lobes of compound
tubuloalveolar glands.
- Secrete milk to nourish young.
-The secretory units and duct system are composed of a
simple
cuboidal or simple columnar epithelium
.
Isthmus
Narrow segment of the oviduct adjacent to the uterine wall and has few
mucosal folds.
The interstitialis is the intrauterine segment of the oviduct embedded in
the uterine wall.
This region has the fewest mucosal folds and the myometrium of the
uterus contributes to its muscularis.
The
medulla
contains loose connective tissue, large blood vessels,
lymphatic vessels and nerves which located at the central portion of the
ovary.
The structures containing a
developing oocyte (egg)
and a surrounding
layer or
layers of follicular
(granulosa) cells (which produce hormones
such as estrogen).
Size and appearance of the follicle is according to the developmental
state of the oocyte. (primordial, primary, secondary/antral, mature and
Graafian follicle)
After ovulation, the mature
cells is ruptured
and theca interna will be left
in the ovary which
developed as the lutein cells
to produce hormones.
Infundibulum
Ampula
Isthmus
Interstitial
It is lined by a single layer of columnar epithelial cells with two major cell
types.
Non-ciliated secretory cells
(called Peg cell) provide nutritive material for
the ova and sperm (glucose, bicarbonate, metabolites, and alpha-
amylase).
Ciliated cells
represent up to 70% of the cells of the infundibulum
and ampulla. It
beat rhythmically
to propel the ova toward the
uterus and its beating speed
depends upon progesterone
, but
must be estrogen primed first.
Site of fertilization and represents 2/3 of the length of the oviduct.
Uterus
Uterus is a hollow, pearshaped tube with a lumen continuous with
oviduct and the vagina.
The wall is composed of 3 distinct layers
Endometrium
Myometrium
Perimetrium
- Is a mucosa which
provides the environment for fetal
development
. -
Vary in thickness
during the phases of
the menstrual cycle.
Composed of two distinct layers
Stratum functionale
(also known as pars functionalis) is a temporary
layer which thickens and shed in response to ovarian hormones.
Stratum basale
contains the basal portions of endometrial glands and is
retained during menstruation.
Smooth muscle
Consists of a
serosa of connective tissue
that contained blood and
lymph vessels, nerves, and sympathetic ganglia that is covered by the
mesthelium of the peritoneal cavity.
Cervix
- An extension of the uterus into the
vaginal canal. - Lined by a simple
columnar epithelium. -
95% of
the cells are mucous secreting cells
and
5% are ciliated
Epithelium of the cervix has branched tubular glands and is not
shed during menstruation.
During ovulation,
secretion thin watery mucus
permits
passage of spermatozoa.
- After ovulation, the cervical mucus becomes viscous to form a plug.
- At the junction of the endocervical canal and the uterine cavity, the
epithelium
changes from a simple columnar epithelium
(cervix)
to a
stratified squamous epithelium
(vagina).
Labia Majora:
It encloses and protects the other external reproductive organs.
Labia Minora:
They are flattened longitudinal folds located within the cleft
between the labia majora.
Clitoris:
It is a small projection at the anterior end of the vulva
between the labia minora.
Vestibule:
- The vestibule of the vulva is the space enclosed by the labia minora.
- Greater vestibular glands- secrete mucus for lubrication