CLAUSE: A group of words contains a subject and a finite verb Ex 1: Because I was late,/ they went without me. ➔ (Independent) (dependent clauses) Ex 2: I was late or because I was late Dependent = subordinator + inde. clause

PHRASE: A group of words does not contain a subject and a finite verb Ex 1: I like her expensive new car.(N-phrase) Ex 2: George hates working in the garden.(V-ing)

_a grammatically complete unit stands independently _contains an inde. clause with a finite verb

A semi-colon

A colon

A coordinating conjunction

Connecting adverb

Correlative Conjunction

Types

Precedes the main verb

Determines concord (agreement)

Ex: My mother is beautiful. (noun)

states/asserts something about the subject

usually consists of

S + Vi Ex 1: The phone rang. S + Vi + particle (A) Ex 2: He came in. . S + Vi+ adverbial phrase (A) Ex 3: The phone rang loudly.

S + Vl + SC SC can be: adj; noun; adj + noun ....

S + Vt + DO S + Vt + DO + to/for + IO (can't change DO and IO position) [DO can be: noun/ pronoun/ reflexive pronoun..] Ex 1: My sister answered the phone. Ex 2: They introduced me to the professor.

S + Vt + IO+ DO S + Vt + DO+ to/for + IO S + Vt + IO (can change DO and IO position)

S + Vt + DO + OC

describes a state of affairs, action, feeling or belief, etc.

Ex: It’s very cold here in winter.

An utterance which asks for an expression of fact, opinion, belief, etc.

Ex: Can she come?

tells other people what to do

Ex: Be seated, please.

may not have the structure of a full sentence and shows strong emotions

Ex : How clever she is!