Mind Map Gallery Sociology course summary
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Sociology course summary
This is a mind map about the key points of different chapters in sociology course. Sociology is the study of human social relationships and institutions. Sociology’s subject matter is diverse, ranging from crime to religion, from the family to the state, from the divisions of race and social class to the shared beliefs of a common culture, and from social stability to radical change in whole societies. Unifying the study of these diverse subjects of study is sociology’s purpose of understanding how human action and consciousness both shape and are shaped by surrounding cultural and social structures.
Edited at 2021-12-18 21:00:55
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Sociology
Robert K. Merton
functions and disfunctions
manifest function
The functions of a type of social activity that are known to and intended by the individuals involved in the activity
latent function
Functional consequences that are not intended or recognized by the members of a social system in which they occur
George Herbert Mead
symbolic interactionism
Alexis de Tocqueville
"Democracy in America", the US as a nation of joiners
Max Weber
bureaucracy
rationalization
Rational choice theory
More broadly, the theory that an individual’s behavior is purposive
A concept used by Weber to refer to the process by which modes of precise calculation and organization, involving abstract rules and procedures, increasingly come to dominate the social world
ideas and values
Postmodern theory
Jean Baudrillard, electronic media influence
Karl Marx
capitalism
An economic system based on the private ownership of wealth, which is invested and reinvested in order to produce profit.
materialist conception of history
The view developed by Marx according to which material, or economic, factors have a prime role in determining historical change
Social Order
Socialization
Social construction
An idea or practice that a group of people agree exists. It is maintained over time by people taking its existence for granted.
August Comte
"sociology" (social physics)
Functionalism
A theoretical perspective based on the notion that social events can best be explained in terms of the functions they perform—that is, the contributions they make to the continuity of a society
Gladwell
the individual does matter
Émile Durkheim
"Division of Labor in Society"
social facts
organic solidarity
social constraint
The conditioning influence on our behavior of the groups and societies of which we are members
anomie
the importance of religion in maintaining moral order in society
Mills
sociological imagination (1959)
social structure
Herbert Spencer
“survival of the fittest” . The best persons succeed, and the rest fall behind due to their own lack of effort or ability.
the states interference with the natural order by improving the life chances of individuals
likened society to a biological organism
HARRIET MARTINEAU
focusing on all aspects of society while studying
previously ignored issues
more than observe, but benefit too
W. E. B. DU BOIS
“double consciousness”
“the contact of diverse races of men”
Encyclopedia Africana
Conflict Theory
A sociological perspective that emphasizes the role of political and economic power and oppression as contributing to the existing social order
Feminism
Marxism
power and ideologies
Microsociology
The study of human behavior in the context of face-to-face interaction.
Macrosociology
The study of large-scale groups, organizations, or social systems.
Sociological approach
Robert Park
personal, emotional, and scientific side of sociology
William Ogburn
statistics and scientific methodologies
Research methods
ethnography
rich and broader understanding, but small groups
participant observation
surveys
precise and efficient data on a large group, but may be superficial
population
pilot study
sample
sampling
representative sample
random sampling
experiments
easier to control and repeat, but can be affected by various situations and no access to lab smtm
comparative historical research
empirical investigation
THEORIES OF ORGANIZATIONS
Max Weber
Robert Michels
iron law of oligarchy
oligarchy • Rule by a small minority within an organization or society.
ideal type of "bureaucracy" (De Gournay)
A “pure type,” constructed by emphasizing certain traits of a social item that do not necessarily exist in reality (Weber's i.t of bureaucratic org-s)
Formal relations
laid down by the norms, or rules, of the official system of authority
Peter Blau
Informal relations
developed on the basis of personal connections; ways of doing things that depart from formally recognized modes of procedure
Michelle Foucalt
Office architecture based on hierarchy
Lack of visibility --> Surveillance
direct and subtle
timetables “efficiently distribute bodies”
THE STRENGTH OF WEAK TIES (Mark Granovetter)
The Internet as Social Network
Obesity (Social norms)
Nicholas Christakis and James Fowler
“McDonaldization” of society
George Ritzer
efficiency, calculability, uniformity, and control through automation
Personal Taste
Matthew Salganik, Peter Dodds,Duncan Watts
“cumulative advantage”
SOCIAL STRATIFICATION
Systems of strat
slavery
caste
class
life chances (Weber)
wealth
education
occupation
income
lifestyle
Intersectionality
our multiple group memberships affect our lives in ways that are distinct from single group memberships
structured inequalities
Social inequalities that result from patterns in the social structure.
Theories in modern societies
MARX
bourgeoisie (capitalists)
surplus value
the means of production
proletariat (proletarians)
Communism
WEBER
Status
Pariah group
DAVIS AND MOORE
social position is based solely on innate talents and efforts
ERIC OLIN WRIGHT
contradictory class locations
three dimensions of control over economic resources in modern capitalist production
the relationship to authority
the possession of skills or expertise
RESEARCH ON SOCIAL STRATIFICATION TODAY
US class structure
middle class
upper
lower
upper class
globalization
information revolution
working class
lower class
underclass
SOCIAL MOBILITY
intergenerational
intragenerational
Networks
indirectly (friends' friends)
directly (friends)
Groups
Social group
Cooley
Primary
Secondary
In-groups
Out-Groups
Robert K. Merton
Reference groups
Primary
Secondary
Fictional
Georg Simmel
Dyad, triad, larger groups
Social aggregate
A simple collection of people who happen to be together in a particular place but do not significantly interact or identify with one another
Social category
People who share a common characteristic (such as gender or occupation) but do not necessarily interact or identify with one another.
Solomon Asch
Going along with a group
Stanley Milgram
Obedience to authority