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Galería de mapas mentales Inversión de capital a largo plazo 1 mapa mental

Inversión de capital a largo plazo 1 mapa mental

Este es un mapa mental sobre la inversión de capital a largo plazo 1, incluida la medición inicial, los principios de medición inicial, la diferencia en la contraprestación pagada, la enajenación y el deterioro de la inversión de capital a largo plazo, etc.

Editado a las 2023-11-08 14:40:53,

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Inversión de capital a largo plazo 1 mapa mental

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Resumen

Capítulo 6 Inversiones de capital a largo plazo y acuerdos de empresas conjuntas
- 11
e7qw4qya@bccto.cc

The shape and structure of bacteria

Bacterial size and shape

size of bacteria

The unit of measurement for bacteria: micrometer (μm)

Bacterial morphology

cocci

diplococci

Streptococcus

Tetragenococcus

staphylococcus

Sarcina

bacilli

Streptobacterium

Corynebacterium

coccobacilli

Mycobacteria

Spiral bacteria

Vibrio

spirillum

Helicobacter

Campylobacter

Bacterial morphological and structural examination method

microscope magnification

Ordinary optical microscope

electron microscope

staining method

Gram stain staining

Crystal violet → iodine solution → 95% ethanol → diluted carbolic acid red red

structure of bacteria

basic structure

cell wall

Gram-positive (G⁺) bacteria (three-dimensional structure)

peptidoglycan

glycan backbone

Tetrapeptide side chain

Wutai Cross-Link Bridge

teichoic acid

membrane teichoic acid

teichoic acid

Gram-negative (G⁻) bacteria (two-dimensional structure)

peptidoglycan

glycan backbone

Tetrapeptide side chain

adventitia

lipoprotein

lipid bilayer

Lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin)

Lipid A

core polysaccharide

specific polysaccharide

function of cell wall

Maintain the appearance of bacteria and resist hypotonic environment

Participate in intracellular material exchange

related to pathogenicity

Related to drug resistance and charge

Immunogenicity

Bacterial cell wall defective type (bacterial L type)

cell membrane

composition

Phospholipids

various proteins

function of cell membrane

material transport

respiration and secretion

Biosynthesis

PBP penicillin-binding protein contained in cell membrane Participate in cell wall synthesis

Participates in bacterial division (mediator)

Mediator: Also known as pseudo-mitochondria, it is the bacterial part Formed by invagination, folding, and curling of cell membranes Cysts, mostly seen in G⁺ bacteria.

cytoplasm

Ribosome

site of protein synthesis

The action site of some antimicrobials (sedimentation coefficient is 70S)

Sterilization mechanism

Streptomycin binds to the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes, and erythromycin Combined with the 50S subunit, both can interfere with bacterial protein synthesis and inhibit Bacterial growth or protein toxin synthesis has no effect on human ribosomes.

Plasmid

It is the genetic material outside the bacterial chromosome and exists in the cytoplasm

Features

Able to replicate independently

Plasmids are not essential for bacterial growth; Bacteria that have lost their plasmids can survive normally

Plasmids transfer relevant traits to another bacterium through conjugation or conduction.

cytoplasmic granules

A place where bacteria store nutrients

Metachromatic granules (Corynebacterium diphtheriae)

Nucleoplasm (pseudo-nucleus)

The main genetic material of bacteria (bacterial chromosomes)

Mostly closed circular double-stranded DNA molecules

special structure

capsule

chemical composition

polysaccharide polypeptide

stainability

Not easy to color, negative dyeing method

forming conditions

Formed in animals or on nutrient-rich media Capsules are formed, but no capsules are formed on ordinary culture medium.

Function

Anti-phagocytosis

The hydrophilic and negatively charged capsular polysaccharides have electrostatic repulsion with the phagocyte membrane.

adhesion

Participate in the formation of biofilm

Resistance to damage caused by harmful substances (barrier effect)

flagellum

chemical composition

Mainly protein, a little glycolipid

Classification

Monochaeta

Dichomycosis

From Trichoderma

Peritrichosporon

Function

bacterial motility organ

related to pathogenicity

Bacterial identification and classification

pili

Pili cannot be seen under an ordinary light microscope; Must be observed with an electron microscope.

chemical composition

protein

Classification

Ordinary pili

The adhesion structure of bacteria determines the susceptible site for infection

sex pili

Only found in a few G⁻ bacteria, usually only 1-4 roots, smaller than Ordinary pili are long and thick and can transmit certain genetic materials quality. Bacteria with sexual pili are F⁺ bacteria, otherwise they are F⁻ bacteria.

spores

Features

Formed under nutritional deficiencies and unfavorable environmental conditions

Dormant state, basically no metabolism

A bacterium only forms one spore, and a spore germinates into only one bacterial cell.

significance

Strong resistance to heat, drying, radiation, chemical disinfectants, etc.

Killing bacterial spores is used as an indicator to judge the effectiveness of sterilization: high-pressure steam sterilization

Is an important source of certain exogenous infections

Spores are the dormant form of bacteria rather than the reproductive form

Identify bacteria

Spore-producing bacteria are all G⁺ bacteria

Spores can only be observed under an electron microscope