large sized fetus, straining during 1st stage, prolonged 2nd stage with delayed episiotomy, fundal pressure to deliver placenta in 3rd stage

as in spinabifida which interfere with innervation of pelvic floor

low estrogen level cause atrophy of pelvic cellular tissue, ligaments and levator ani

Strong

Elastic

Keep bladder empty during 1st stage of labor

Avoid straining during first stage of labor before full cervical dilatation

Avoid forceps usage before full cervical dilatation

Firm support to the perineum during uterine contractions to avoid overstretching or laceration of perineum

At crowning: ask the mother to stop bearing down during contraction and to pant

Proper timing of episiotomy (at crowning if indicated) should be done to avoid hidden perineal laceration

Avoid fundal pressure to deliver placenta during third stage of labor

Any perineal tear or laceration should be repaired carefully within 24 hours

Strengthening ex of PFM to regain its strength which may bestretched or injured during delivery

Avoid RVF by positioning (relaxation on face , knee chest position)

Avoid bladder infection to guard against urgency incontinence

Avoid constipation and maintain good general health

it is introduced above level of levator ani to stretch redundant vaginal wall and prevent descent of uterus

it is used when PFM are so weak or lacerated so ring pessary cannot be retained in vagina

as ring, can be worn during specific activities to eliminate SUI as it prevent urethral hypermobility by supporting proximal urethra during stressful conditions

Subtopic