Light microscope cell wall, cell membrane, nucleus, chloroplast, vacuole, chromosomes

Electron Microscopy→Submicroscopic Structure

Eyepieces and Objectives

Low magnification lens and high magnification lens

Plane mirror and concave mirror

Coarse quasi-focus spiral and fine quasi-focus spiral

gain

Imaging principle

Instructions

Mobile loading

cyanobacteria

Mycoplasma (no cell wall)

bacteria

the difference

Same point

Lipid 50%

Protein 40%

Sugar 2%-10%

Method: absorb water and burst

Material: Mammalian mature red blood cells

cytoplasmic matrix

organelles

skeleton

Method: Isotope labeling method

Process: Free ribosome ①Synthesizes a segment of peptide chain ②Moves → Endoplasmic reticulum ③Synthesizes complete peptide chain ④Preliminary processing ⑤Forms vesicle →Golgi apparatus ⑥Reprocessing (Add modified groups) ⑦ Form vesicles → cell membrane ⑧ Secretion → Extracellular

Nuclear membrane (double membrane) ① Separates the cytoplasm from nuclear materials ②Control the entry and exit of ions and smaller molecules into substances

Nuclear pores ① enable frequent material exchange and information exchange between the nucleus and the cytoplasm ②A channel for selective entry and exit of macromolecular substances (DNA cannot enter) ③The stronger the metabolism, the greater the number of nuclear pores

Nucleolus ① is related to the formation of certain RNA and ribosomes ②The degree of development of the nucleolus is related to the vigorous degree of protein synthesis.

Chromatin①The main components are DNA and protein, and it is the main carrier of eukaryotic genetic material. ②Chromatin and chromosomes are the same material, two states of existence at different stages of the cell

Living and non-living kingdoms

biological world and biological world

A lot of:C,H,O,N,P,S,K,Ga

Trace amount: Zn, Fe, B, Cu, Mo, Mn

form and function

Properties (grade): Produce hydrogen bonds → Have fluidity and high specific heat capacity

carbohydrate

Lipids

protein

Vesalius reveals organ-level structure

Bichat pointed out that organs are composed of tissues

Robert Hooke was the first person to discover and name cells (dead cells)

Leeuwenhoek was the first person to observe living cells

Malpighi observed the minute structures of plants and animals

Negri observes that new cells are produced as a result of cell division

Virchow concluded that cells divide to create new cells.

The cell theory reveals the unity of animals and plants, thus clarifying the unity of the biological world

The cell theory made people realize that animals and plants have a common structural basis, and promoted anatomy, Physiology, embryology and other disciplines gained a common foundation, giving birth to the advent of biology

The view in the cell theory that cells are the basic units of life activities enables people to understand the growth, reproduction, development and various physiological phenomena of organisms. The secrets of biology need to be found in cells. Biological research enters the cellular level and lays the foundation for later entering the molecular level.

The conclusion that cell division produces new cells in the cell theory not only explains ontogeny, but also lays the foundation for the later theory of biological evolution.

1. A cell is an organism

2. A cell is a relatively independent unit

3. New cells can be generated from old cells

Induction

Ingredients: protein + nucleic acid

Lifestyle: Parasitizing living cells

genetic material

Classification

Culture: live cell culture

Animals: cells→tissues→organs→individuals→populations→communities→ecosystems→biosphere

Plant: cell → tissue → organ → individual → population → community → ecosystem → biosphere

Single cell: cell → individual → population → community → ecosystem → biosphere