A pathological process in which myocardial contractility is weakened, cardiac output is reduced, and cardiac stroke output is insufficient to meet needs, leading to changes in systemic function, metabolism, and structure.

According to the location where the weakened myocardial contractility occurs: left heart dysfunction; right heart dysfunction; global heart dysfunction

Divided according to the speed of occurrence: acute cardiac insufficiency; chronic cardiac insufficiency

Myocardial damage: myocardial ischemia, hypoxia; other reasons

Cardiac overload: volume load; pressure load

pericardial lesions

Destruction of myocardial structure:

Disorders of myocardial energy metabolism

excitation-contraction coupling disorder

Hemodynamic changes: acute cardiac insufficiency, chronic cardiac insufficiency

Changes in respiratory function: common in left ventricular dysfunction Pulmonary congestion, edema; difficulty breathing

Changes in digestive function: more common in right ventricular insufficiency Liver congestion and edema; stomach and intestinal congestion and edema

Changes in urinary function: renal congestion, oliguria; insufficient renal blood supply, oliguria or anuria; renal tubular epithelial cell degeneration

Disorders of water, electrolyte and acid-base balance: water and sodium retention (cardiac edema); dyspnea, hypoxia (metabolic acidosis)

Prevention and control principles