Cholinergic nerves (nerve fibers whose nerve endings can release acetylcholine)

Noradrenergic nerves (nerve fibers whose nerve endings can release norepinephrine)

acetylcholine receptor

adrenergic receptors

Drugs bind directly to receptors to produce pharmacological effects.

Drugs produce mimetic or antagonistic effects by affecting the synthesis, transformation, storage or release of efferent neurotransmitters.

Selective direct agonist of M-choline receptors

Causes pupil and intraocular pressure to drop, and has the effect of regulating spasm

Increase exocrine gland secretion

Causes excitement and increased muscle tension in the smooth muscles of the intestine, bronchus, bladder, urethra and biliary tract

It is mainly used to treat closed-eye glaucoma and iritis, and can also be used to treat salivary gland hypofunction.

Pupils shrink and vision decreases. Excessive absorption can cause systemic poisoning reactions such as sweating, salivation, nausea and vomiting, etc.

This medicine is a quaternary ammonium alkaloid, which is highly alkaline and can form stable salts with monobasic acids.

Has a strong stimulating effect on skeletal muscles

For the treatment of myasthenia gravis, paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia, postoperative abdominal distension and urinary retention.

Nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, salivation, muscle tremors, bradycardia, etc. It is contraindicated in patients with mechanical intestinal obstruction and urinary tract obstruction, and should be used with caution in patients with bronchial asthma.

M-like symptoms: miosis, salivation, sweating, rales in the lungs, difficulty breathing, incontinence, nausea and vomiting, abdominal pain and diarrhea, bradycardia, etc.

N-like symptoms: elevated blood pressure, tachycardia, muscle tremors, etc.

Central symptoms: excitement first and then depression, irritability, delirium, hallucinations, coma, respiratory depression, etc. Severe cases may lead to death.

Quickly remove poisons, such as inducing vomiting, gastric lavage, catharsis, oxygen inhalation, diuresis, infusion and other symptomatic supportive treatments.

Use detoxification medication as soon as possible

chemical stability

Selectively blocks vascular smooth muscle, dilates α1 receptors, and exerts a moderate to strong antihypertensive effect on arterioles and venules.

It is suitable for mild to moderate hypertension. For severe hypertension, beta receptor antagonists and diuretics can enhance the antihypertensive effect.

The first dose can cause orthostatic hypotension, which is called the "first dose effect."

Medication (propranolol hydrochloride)

Medication (Metoprolol Tartrate)

Medication (Celerolol)

It can counteract or weaken the effect of histamine on blood vessels, gastrointestinal and bronchial smooth muscles, and has a strong inhibitory effect on the central nervous system.

Suitable for allergic diseases of skin and mucous membranes. In addition, it can also be used for nausea and vomiting caused by boating and car riding.

Common adverse reactions include drowsiness, dizziness, drowsiness and fatigue. It can also cause digestive tract symptoms such as dry mouth, diarrhea, blurred vision, and constipation.

This drug has strong local anesthetic effect, low toxicity and no addiction.

It is widely used clinically for infiltration anesthesia, conductive omentum anesthesia, inferior cavity anesthesia, epidural anesthesia, etc. It can also be used for local sealing. It cannot be used for topical anesthesia due to its weak penetrating power.

If there is an allergic reaction or even anaphylactic shock, the patient should be asked about his allergic history and undergo a skin test before taking the medicine. Large doses can cause toxic reactions.

The local anesthetic effect of this drug is twice that of procaine. Because of its stable properties, fast onset, long maintenance time and low irritation, it is considered to be the most ideal local anesthetic.

It can be widely used for various local anesthesia, but due to its strong diffusion power and easy diffusion in cerebrospinal fluid, it is generally not used for subarachnoid anesthesia. Intravenous injection can also be used for antiarrhythmic purposes.

During intravenous injection, you may feel anesthetized, feel dizzy, and have dark eyes. Reduce the dose in patients with heart and liver dysfunction.