- The water privatization that already exists in Lagos has proven successful inproviding safe drinking water. This is in accordance with studies focusing oninfrastructure privatization in Africa overall. Studies show that privatizations havenumerous benefits, including efficiency gains, stable and reduced prices, andreduced government subsidies.

- The gap in water supply that currently exists is partly met byinformal water supply vendors, so called Mairuwa. Although thisalternative has limitations, it is a mean for families to get accesswater.

- The Lagos Water Corporation’s solutions to increase the supply of clean andreliable water through focusing on improving current water infrastructure has notbeen enough. The water demand gap in 2014 was 300 MGD. Major challengesto improve Lagos’ current water infrastructure include lack of skilled manpower,limited funding, low level of productivity, and low levels of efficiency.

- Lagos Water Corporation aims to fund the Lagos State WaterSupply Plan 2010-2020 partly through private funding; despitefundraising campaigns, Lagos Water Corporation has not beenable to attract enough investors.

- Polyethylene pouches are used to store potablewater and transported over distances to besold in easily mobile and individual quantities ofwater

- As mentioned in the opportunities section,LifeStraw has been deployed in Kenya tosuccess by the company‘s reporting

- Rainwater harvesting methods are collect natural rainwater and storage the contents in a reservoir. The reservoir is connected to a pump which the community can use to access clean water

- In locations that where the terrain is more mountainous or hill, a stream orbody of water from a higher location can be tapped and pumped into areservoir which is physically at a lower topography. This allows gravity tonaturally push water into a reservoir which is connected to a pump within avillage

- Installed pumps atop subterraneous watersources, communities can individually pumpwater from the ground with this basic technology

- Used in Burkina Faso, this is similar to a water hand pump, butthe processes is automated by a lever connected to a wheel,which when spun will shuttle groundwater to the surface,augmenting efficiency of the volume of water pumped perminute

- Used in Malawi, when the earth surface is difficult to penetrateor fresh water is deep below ground, a hydraulic borehole rigcan be employed to dig holes in excess of 100m in order tosource fresh groundwater

- Mairuwa

- Household boreholes and wells

- Public taps

- Floating Communities

- Hyper-mobile innovations like the LifeStraw could be used inMakoko for relatively micro-level water purification. LifeStrawhas been deployed in Western Kenya to success, with hundredsof schools provided access to clean drinking water.

- Developed by Japanese company Nippon Basic, the Bicycle waterpurification system filters water, powered by the rotation of the bike pedals. If this technology could be slightly re-engineered to be powered by themovement of a boat, mobile filtration methods could be developed, customto Makoko

- Solar powered water filtration to potentially be used atop floating communities

- The Government is reluctant to recognize Makoko as a legitimatecommunity as demonstrated by its 2013 destruction of several housingstructures. We assume that based on the governments actions, anylong-term prospective solutions will face political barriers to entry inMakoko

- Makoko community

- Existing water solution stakeholders

- Makoko suffers from a severe lack of infrastructure.  Thus potable water is brought it from long distances by way of boreholes or Mairuwa who sell clean drinking water.  The lack of insfrastructure, including proper water drainage, piping for clean water, clean water plumbing systems, water sanitization plants, waste disposal and intermittent electricity supply will cause substantial difficulty for any non-mobile source of water sanitation as any water sanitation innovation will need to be self-sustaining or independent in order to reliably produce a consistentpotable water supply.

- Due to the lack of available clean drinking water, a black marketfor trading water has arisen whereby locals travel up north toobtain clean water from bore holes or other clean water sourceswhich is then packaged and sold back to the local community for aprofit

- There are several communal water points butlocals have to paddle up to 3km to get thereand then pay up to 3p for a 10L bucket of water

- Asymmetric information - the black market leads to a problem of asymmetricinformation. Given the high price of privately traded water, there is incentive to sellmore accessible lower quality water to capture some of the profit. As the buyerisn’t aware of quality and source of the water, absent any ability of vendor to signalor verify the quality of water the buyer is exposed to being ripped off

- Water Aid

- Water Initiatives Nigeria (WIN)

- African Medical and ResearchFoundation (AMREF)

- Regulatory Agencies

- Monitoring Agencies

- Supply and Quality Agencies

- Waste Water ManagementAgencies

- World Bank

- African Development Bank

- European Union (EU)

- USAID

- The Lagos Water Corporation has been activelysoliciting private partners for investment intowater infrastructure