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Materials Science and Engineering Outline
This is a mind map about the outline of materials science and engineering. The main contents include: the composition and organizational structure of materials, the synthesis and processing of materials, the four basic elements of materials science and engineering, the classification of materials, the history and develop.
Edited at 2024-03-09 12:07:41
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Materials Science and Engineering Outline
Material history and development
Material
Materials are substances, but not all substances are materials
Definition: Refers to substances that are acceptable to human society and can be used to economically manufacture useful devices.
effect
Materials are a milestone in the progress of human society
Human society
Science & Technology
Materials are the foundation and forerunner of economic and social development
1. It is the forerunner of the industrial revolution and industrial development.
2. It is the foundation of various industries
3. It is the foundation for high-tech development
Seven eras of material development
Stone Age (ceramics)
Bronze Age (the first alloy in human history was copper-tin alloy)
iron age
cement era
steel age
silicon age
new material era
Classification of materials
Classified by composition and structure
metallic material
The bonding bonds of simple metals are metallic bonds
Inorganic non-metallic materials (ceramics)
Ceramic materials are mainly based on ionic bonds
Polymer Materials
Atoms in macromolecules are held together by strong covalent bonds
composite materials
Bonding is very complex
Classified by performance
Structural materials - engineering component materials, machinery manufacturing materials, etc.
Emphasis on mechanical properties
Functional materials - electronic materials, semiconductor materials, magnetic materials, energy materials, biological materials, etc.
Emphasis on physical and chemical properties
Classified by application and development
traditional materials
new material
Four basic elements of materials science and engineering
performance
The starting point and goal (footing point) of research materials
Synthetic processing
organizational structure
core
chemical composition
Material synthesis and processing
Selection of raw materials
Natural mineral materials (iron ore, galena, etc.)
Inorganic chemical raw materials
Oxide raw materials
non-oxide raw materials
Material composition and organizational structure
Composition: refers to the type and content of elements that make up the material, usually represented by (w) and (x)
Component: refers to the most basic independent substance that makes up a material. It can be a pure element or a stable compound.
Phase: refers to a homogeneous part of a material that has the same chemical composition and the same structure
Structure: refers to the microscopic morphology inside the material, which reflects the shape, size and distribution of each component phase
Structure: the spatial arrangement of the mutual attraction and repulsion between the constituent units of a material (atoms, ions, molecules, etc.)
level of structure
macro level
microscopic level
micro level
Material organization structure
Ionic bonds and ionic crystals
1. Due to the strong binding force of ionic bonds, ionic crystals generally have higher melting points, boiling points and higher hardness.
2. Typical ionic crystals are colorless and transparent
3. Ionic crystals are good insulators
Covalent bonds and covalent crystals
directional and saturating
Metal bonds and metal crystals
Molecular Bonds and Molecular Crystals
The molecular crystal hardness is very low, and the melting and boiling points are also very low.
Hydrogen Bonding and Hydrogen Bonding Crystals
directional and saturating
Three structures of solid materials
quasicrystal
It is a solid between crystalline and amorphous
Amorphous
It is a solid in which the internal particle three-dimensional space does not display a periodic repeating arrangement. It has short-range orderly arrangement but does not have long-range orderly arrangement.
crystal
It refers to a solid formed by the regular arrangement of atoms or atomic groups, ions or molecules in a three-dimensional space in a periodic and repeated manner.
structural basis
Space lattice and unit cell
The unit cells are juxtaposed without gaps and are completely identical.
Other concepts
(1) Number of atoms in a unit cell: refers to the number of atoms contained in a unit cell (2) Atomic radius: half the distance between the two closest atoms in the unit cell (3) Coordination number: refers to the crystal lattice The number of atoms that are at the same distance and closest to any atom in the unit cell (4) Density: refers to the volume fraction occupied by the atoms themselves in the unit cell, also known as the close-packing coefficient of the crystal lattice
crystal defects
point defect
Intrinsic defects (vacancies, gaps)
Impurity defects (replacement atoms must be impurity defects)
Electronic defects (non-stoichiometric structural defects)
Line defects (dislocations)
surface defects
The difference between crystals and amorphous crystals: 1. The atomic arrangement of crystals is long-range ordered, while the arrangement of amorphous atoms does not have long-range order. 2. Crystals have neat and regular geometric shapes, while amorphous shapes are solids with irregular properties. 3. Crystals have fixed The melting point of amorphous crystals is not clear. 4. Single crystals also have anisotropy, while amorphous crystals have isotropy.