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Cell Biology-Cell Differentiation Mind Map
This is a mind map about cell biology-cell differentiation, including the basic concepts of cell differentiation, Molecular basis of cell differentiation, Factors affecting cell differentiation, etc.
Edited at 2023-12-02 16:28:06
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Cell Differentiation
1. Basic concepts of cell differentiation
The cells produced by a single fertilized egg have obvious differences in morphological structure, biochemical composition and function. The process of forming this difference in stability
1. Totipotency of the cell nucleus: totipotent → multipotent → monopotent
2. Cell determination and cell differentiation: Cell determination precedes cell differentiation and controls the direction of differentiation.
3. Cell differentiation is highly stable: Cells that have differentiated into a specific stable type under normal physiological conditions generally cannot be reversed to an undifferentiated state or other types of differentiated cells.
4. Plasticity of cell differentiation: differentiated C re-enters dedifferentiation or transdifferentiation state under special conditions (cell reprogramming, manual operation)
5. The spatiotemporal nature of cell differentiation
2. Molecular basis of cell differentiation
1. Genomic activity pattern: selective expression of genes, differential expression of genomic DNA at different C or at different developmental stages of the same C
Luxury genes: genes encoding proteins that perform specific functions in specific type C
Housekeeping genes: protein-coding genes expressed in all types of cells and necessary to maintain C survival and growth
2. Determinants and inheritance methods
Polar distribution of products of maternal effect genes (expressed during oogenesis, the products remain in the egg, and affect embryonic development through maternal factors after fertilization)
Uneven distribution of cytoplasm during embryonic cell division (regulates the expression of C nuclear genes and regulates early differentiation of cells to a certain extent)
3. Transcriptional regulation of selective expression
① Temporal expression of genes: The expression of specific genes occurs strictly in a certain time sequence (time specificity)
②Tissue and cell-specific expression of genes: a gene is expressed in different tissues or organs of an individual (spatial specificity of gene expression)
③The complexity of gene expression regulation during differentiation
(a) Cell lineage: The blastomere after the first cleavage of an animal fertilized egg produces a large number of multi-generational adult cells through cell division during the ontogeny process. The continuous lineage relationship between progenitor cells and differentiated cells becomes the cell lineage.
(b) Cell lineage transcriptional level regulation
One expressed transcription factor regulates the expression of several genes simultaneously
Combinatorial regulation, transcription initiation is controlled by the combination of multiple gene regulatory proteins
④Chemical modification of chromosome components at the transcriptional level
(a) DNA methylation: cytosine → 5-methylcytosine
(b) Covalent chemical modification of histones
Epigenetics: These factors or marks on chromatin are inherited during cell division and jointly determine the phenotype of the cell.
4. Non-coding RNA
Small non-coding RNA, long non-coding RNA
3. Factors affecting cell differentiation
1. Influence of cell-cell interactions
Embryonic induction: During the process of embryonic development, some cells affect neighboring cells and determine their differentiation. Inducing cells (tissues)→responsive cells (tissues)
2. Regulation of cell differentiation by hormones
①Steroid hormones bind to specific receptors in the cytoplasm and directly bind to DNA regulatory sites
② Polypeptide hormones bind to receptors on the plasma membrane and affect transcription through signal transduction.
3. The influence of environment on cell differentiation
physical factors, chemical factors, biological factors