마인드 맵 갤러리 Structure and function of eukaryotic genomes
Molecular Biology, Human Health 9th Edition, the structure and function of the eukaryotic genome is a highly complex and sophisticated system, which achieves precise control of various life activities of organisms by storing and transmitting genetic information and regulating gene expression.
2024-02-08 16:50:34에 편집됨Avatar 3 centers on the Sully family, showcasing the internal rift caused by the sacrifice of their eldest son, and their alliance with other tribes on Pandora against the external conflict of the Ashbringers, who adhere to the philosophy of fire and are allied with humans. It explores the grand themes of family, faith, and survival.
This article discusses the Easter eggs and homages in Zootopia 2 that you may have discovered. The main content includes: character and archetype Easter eggs, cinematic universe crossover Easter eggs, animal ecology and behavior references, symbol and metaphor Easter eggs, social satire and brand allusions, and emotional storylines and sequel foreshadowing.
[Zootopia Character Relationship Chart] The idealistic rabbit police officer Judy and the cynical fox conman Nick form a charmingly contrasting duo, rising from street hustlers to become Zootopia police officers!
Avatar 3 centers on the Sully family, showcasing the internal rift caused by the sacrifice of their eldest son, and their alliance with other tribes on Pandora against the external conflict of the Ashbringers, who adhere to the philosophy of fire and are allied with humans. It explores the grand themes of family, faith, and survival.
This article discusses the Easter eggs and homages in Zootopia 2 that you may have discovered. The main content includes: character and archetype Easter eggs, cinematic universe crossover Easter eggs, animal ecology and behavior references, symbol and metaphor Easter eggs, social satire and brand allusions, and emotional storylines and sequel foreshadowing.
[Zootopia Character Relationship Chart] The idealistic rabbit police officer Judy and the cynical fox conman Nick form a charmingly contrasting duo, rising from street hustlers to become Zootopia police officers!
Structure and function of eukaryotic genomes
Eukaryotic genomes have a unique structure
①The genome is huge
②The proportion of coding sequences of genes is much smaller than that of non-coding sequences
③ Contains a large number of repeated sequences
④The existence of multi-gene families and pseudogenes (genes that do not have normal functions)
⑤ Most genes will undergo alternative splicing after transcription, and most of the alternative splicing will cause changes in the protein sequence.
⑥Eukaryotic genomic DNA combines with proteins to form chromosomes, which are stored in the nucleus
There are a large number of repetitive sequences in eukaryotic genomes
highly repetitive sequence
Repeated DNA sequences present in thousands to millions of copies in eukaryotic genomes
Classification
Inverted repeats: composed of two complementary copies of the same sequence arranged in reverse on the same DNA chain, scattered throughout the genome
Satellite DNA: mainly found in the centromeric region of chromosomes and usually not transcribed
Function
①Participate in the regulation of replication level
②Participate in gene expression regulation
③Participate in chromosome pairing
Moderately repetitive sequence
A nucleotide sequence that is repeated tens to thousands of times in eukaryotic genomes
Classification
Short interspersed nuclear elements: short repeated sequences distributed in a scattered manner in the genome, including the Alu family, Kpn Ⅰ family and Hinf family
Long interspersed nuclear elements: short repetitive sequences, rRNA regions, distributed in a scattered manner in the genome
Lowly repetitive sequences (single copy sequences)
Appears only once or several times in the haploid genome, including genes encoding proteins, genes encoding microRNAs (miRNAs), and long non-coding RNAs (IncRNAs)
There are a large number of multigene families and pseudogenes in eukaryotic genomes
multigene family
Refers to a group of structurally similar and functionally related genes produced by duplication and mutation of an ancestral gene.
fake gene
It is a gene sequence that exists in the genome that is very similar to a normal gene but generally cannot be expressed.
Classification
Processed pseudogene (no introns)
Unprocessed pseudogene (with introns)
Structure of mitochondrial DNA
Mitochondrial DNA: independently encodes some proteins in mitochondria, is an extranuclear heritage material, and is circular
There are approximately 20,000 protein-coding genes in the human genome
In the process of evolution, generally the more complex the organism, the larger the genome and the greater the number of genes.
The human genome is the largest and most complex, but it does not contain the largest number of genes.