wave function

Energy sphere - the extent to which the electron cloud expands in the extranuclear space

Energy levels – the shape of the electron cloud

Orbital - the orientation of an electron cloud in space

clockwise

Counterclockwise

Principal quantum number: n=1, 2, 3, 4...any natural number

Angular quantum number: l=0, 1,...,n-1

Magnetic quantum number: m=0, ±1,…,±l

Spin quantum number: the value of ms can only be ±1/2

Due to the repulsive effect of other electrons on an electron, the attraction of part of the nuclear charge to the electron is offset, resulting in a reduction in the effective nuclear charge and weakening the attraction of the nuclear charge to the electron. This effect is called shielding or shielding. effect

Electrons with a higher probability of appearing near the nucleus can avoid the repulsion of other electrons and are strongly attracted by the nucleus to move closer to the nucleus. This effect of entering the internal space of the atom is called the drilling effect.

Cycle: showing a gradually decreasing trend from left to right

Family: showing an increasing trend from top to bottom

Cycle: showing an increasing trend from left to right

Family: showing a decreasing trend from top to bottom

Because empty, half full, and full are more stable, there are some exceptions. Such as B, O, S, P, Mg, etc.

Cycle: showing an increasing trend from left to right

Family: showing a decreasing trend from top to bottom

But the changes are wavy and the situation is complicated

Period: increasing from left to right

Family: Decreasing from top to bottom

Positive oxidation state

negative oxidation state