Galerie de cartes mentales Naming of organic compounds
The naming of organic compounds follows the IUPAC nomenclature, although many common names are also used. Functional group priorities are crucial in naming, determining the main structure and the order of substituents in the compound's name. Mastering these naming rules and principles is important for accurately identifying and naming organic compounds.
Modifié à 2024-12-17 07:03:41In the introduction section, elastin is a protein that plays a crucial role in the body, endowing tissues with elasticity and toughness. Its properties include high elasticity and good ductility. Elastin has a wide range of sources and is commonly found in animal connective tissues such as skin and blood vessels. When using elastin in products, the amount and method of addition should be determined based on the characteristics of the product. It has many uses and can be added to skincare products to enhance skin elasticity and reduce wrinkles; Improving food texture and enhancing taste in the food industry; In the medical field, it can be used to make elastic scaffolds such as artificial blood vessels, providing support for tissue repair. Reasonable use can play its unique value.
This document aims to guide the proper use of proteins. Proteins are the fundamental substances that make up life and are essential for maintaining normal physiological functions in the body, with a wide variety of types. When using protein, daily diet is an important source, such as meat, eggs, etc., which are rich in high-quality protein. Measuring protein intake can be done using professional tools or methods to ensure that the intake meets the body's needs. When mixing protein powder, it should be prepared according to the recommended ratio, and the water temperature should not be too high to avoid damaging the protein activity. Different groups of people have different protein requirements, such as athletes and fitness enthusiasts who can increase their intake appropriately to meet the needs of body repair and muscle growth.
Introduction to Unsaturated Polyester Resin: It is an important thermosetting resin with various excellent properties. It has a wide range of applications and is used in the construction industry to produce fiberglass products such as doors, windows, decorative panels, etc; Used in the automotive industry for manufacturing body components. The advantages of use include simple molding process, low cost, and chemical corrosion resistance. However, it also faces challenges and limitations, such as relatively poor heat resistance and susceptibility to aging. During use, corresponding protective measures should be taken according to specific application scenarios, such as adding heat-resistant agents, antioxidants, etc., to extend their service life and fully leverage their advantages.
In the introduction section, elastin is a protein that plays a crucial role in the body, endowing tissues with elasticity and toughness. Its properties include high elasticity and good ductility. Elastin has a wide range of sources and is commonly found in animal connective tissues such as skin and blood vessels. When using elastin in products, the amount and method of addition should be determined based on the characteristics of the product. It has many uses and can be added to skincare products to enhance skin elasticity and reduce wrinkles; Improving food texture and enhancing taste in the food industry; In the medical field, it can be used to make elastic scaffolds such as artificial blood vessels, providing support for tissue repair. Reasonable use can play its unique value.
This document aims to guide the proper use of proteins. Proteins are the fundamental substances that make up life and are essential for maintaining normal physiological functions in the body, with a wide variety of types. When using protein, daily diet is an important source, such as meat, eggs, etc., which are rich in high-quality protein. Measuring protein intake can be done using professional tools or methods to ensure that the intake meets the body's needs. When mixing protein powder, it should be prepared according to the recommended ratio, and the water temperature should not be too high to avoid damaging the protein activity. Different groups of people have different protein requirements, such as athletes and fitness enthusiasts who can increase their intake appropriately to meet the needs of body repair and muscle growth.
Introduction to Unsaturated Polyester Resin: It is an important thermosetting resin with various excellent properties. It has a wide range of applications and is used in the construction industry to produce fiberglass products such as doors, windows, decorative panels, etc; Used in the automotive industry for manufacturing body components. The advantages of use include simple molding process, low cost, and chemical corrosion resistance. However, it also faces challenges and limitations, such as relatively poor heat resistance and susceptibility to aging. During use, corresponding protective measures should be taken according to specific application scenarios, such as adding heat-resistant agents, antioxidants, etc., to extend their service life and fully leverage their advantages.
Naming of organic compounds
IUPAC nomenclature
Parent chain selection
Longest continuous carbon chain
Include all functional groups
Ignore substituents
Numbering the chain
Start from the end closest to a functional group
Numbering to give lowest locants to substituents
Substituent naming
Alkyl groups
Methyl, ethyl, propyl, etc.
Functional groups
Hydroxyl (OH)
Amino (NH2)
Carbonyl (>C=O)
Prefixes and suffixes
Prefixes for substituents
Position indicated by number
Multiple substituents of the same type
Suffix for the main functional group
Alkane, alkene, alkyne
Alcohol, aldehyde, ketone, carboxylic acid
Common names
Historical names
Based on source or discoverer
Benzene, toluene
Based on physical properties
Formaldehyde, acetic acid
Trivial names
Nonsystematic names
Often used for simple compounds
Methanol, ethanol
Cyclic compounds
Aromatic compounds
Benzene derivatives
Substituted benzenes
Chlorobenzene, nitrobenzene
Nonaromatic rings
Cycloalkanes
Cyclopentane, cyclohexane
Cycloalkenes
Cyclopentene, cyclohexene
Stereochemistry
Configuration
E/Z system for alkenes
Based on CahnIngoldPrelog priority rules
R/S system for chiral centers
Assigning priority to substituents
Conformation
Chair, boat, and twistboat conformations for cyclohexane
Gauche, anti, and eclipsed conformations for openchain compounds
Functional group priorities
Order of functional groups in naming
Carboxylic acids
Sulfonic acids
Aldehydes
Ketones
Esters
Amines
Alcohols
Alkenes and alkynes
Alkanes
Polyfunctional compounds
Combination of functional groups
Nomenclature rules for multiple functional groups
Carboxylic acids with alcohols (esters)
Aldehydes with alcohols (acetals)
Cyclic polyfunctional compounds
Hydroxyl and carbonyl groups in rings
Lactones, lactams
Hydroxy acids
Heterocyclic compounds
Rings containing noncarbon atoms
Oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur
Furan, pyridine, thiophene
Nomenclature of fused heterocycles
Indole, quinoline
Derivatives of natural products
Biomolecules
Carbohydrates, amino acids, nucleic acids
Synthetic modifications
Derivatives with altered functional groups
Methylated, acetylated compounds
Abbreviations and acronyms
Commonly used in biochemical and pharmaceutical fields
NADH, ATP, DNA
Cisplatin, AZT, Tamiflu