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《英語國家概況》Literature
《英語國家概況》第六章心智圖，這一章概述了英語文學的起源和發展，包括早期和中世紀的文學，以及文藝復興、啟蒙運動、浪漫主義和現代主義等不同時期的文學流派和特點。
編輯於2024-01-27 21:07:06
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《英語國家概況》Literature
- Microbiologia medica Infezione batterica e immunità
Microbiologia medica, Infezioni batteriche e immunità riassume e organizza i punti di conoscenza per aiutare gli studenti a comprendere e ricordare. Studia in modo più efficiente!
- teoria cinetica dei gas
La teoria cinetica dei gas rivela la natura microscopica dei fenomeni termici macroscopici e le leggi dei gas trovando la relazione tra quantità macroscopiche e quantità microscopiche. Dal punto di vista del movimento molecolare, vengono utilizzati metodi statistici per studiare le proprietà macroscopiche e modificare i modelli di movimento termico delle molecole di gas.
- Breve História do Tempo
Este é um mapa mental sobre uma breve história do tempo. "Uma Breve História do Tempo" é um trabalho científico popular com influência de longo alcance. Ele não apenas introduz os conceitos básicos da cosmologia e da relatividade, mas também discute os buracos negros e a expansão. Do universo. questões científicas de ponta, como inflação e teoria das cordas.
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Literature
The Old English Period and Middle English Period (450-1500)
General Konwledge
In practice, works of literature fall into four categories or genres
narrative fiction
The two kinds of narrative fiction you will read most often are short stories and novels.
Myths（神話）, parables（寓言）, romances（傳奇）, and epics（史詩） are also part of the genre.
drama
poetry
non-fiction prose
The Old English Period
the epic Beowulf
A folk legend brought to England by the Anglo-Saxons from their continentral homes.
The most famous work in the Old English period
The Middle English Period
With the Norman Conquest in 1066, Britain entered the Middle Ages(1066-1485)
Geoffrey Chaucer(c.1342-1400)（傑弗瑞‧喬叟）
The most significant Middle English author
the first count poet to write in English
his masterpiece and one of the monumental works(greatest poetic works) in English literature
The Canterbury Tales(1387-1400)（坎特伯雷故事集）
The outstanding English poet before Shakespeare and "the first founder of our language".
He also contributed importantly in the second half of the 14th century to the management of public affairs as courtier, diplomat, and civil servant.
The Renaissance(1500-1660)
General Knowledge
Renaissance（文藝復興）
It started in the 14th century and lasted in 16th century.
In England, the Elizabethan era marked the beginning of the English Renaissance.
It was primarily a time of the revival of classical learning and wisdom.
Renaissance is characterized by admiration of the Greek and Latin classic works.
Core philosophy: Humanism emphasizes the value and agency of human beings.
Artists: Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raffaello（拉斐爾）
Sonnet（十四行詩）
Of Italian origin
Fixed verse form consisting of 14 lines that are typically five-foot iambics rhyming according to a specified scheme
Two principal sonnet forms: Petrarchan(or Italian) sonnet（4433）, the English (or Shakespearean) sonnet（4442）
One of the best-known sonnet writers is Wiliam Shakespeare, who wrote 154 of them.
Drama
The highest glory of the English Renaissance is drama.
The drama types are tragedy, comedy and farce（滑稽劇）
Christopher Marlowe（馬洛） and William Shakespeare（莎士比亞） are the most famous playwrights.
Willam Shakespeare（1564-1616）（莎士比亞）
born in the house on Henley Street in Stratford-upon-Avon in April 1564
Today, Shakespeare's bithplace is a museum, furnished as it might have been in Shakespeare's time. It also houses an exhibit on Shakespeare's life.
The Globe Theatre
performed Shakespeare's plays 400 years ago
rebuilt near its original location on the south bank of the Thames River in London, England
is recognized in much of the world as the greatest of all dramatists
Shakespeare's plays
Comedy
A Midsummer Night's Dream(1600)（仲夏夜之夢）
The Merchant of Venice(1600)（威尼斯商人）
As You Like It(1623)（皆大歡喜）
Twelfth Night(1623)（第十二夜）
Tragedy
Hamlet(1603)（哈姆雷特）
is regarded as a milestone in Shakespeare's dramatic development
Othello(1622)（奧賽羅）
King Lear(1608)（李爾王）
Macbeth(1623)（麥克白）
Romeo 與 Juliet(1597)（羅密歐與茱麗葉）
Historical Play
Richard the third(1597)（查理三世）
Henry the fifth(1600)（亨利五世）
Antony and Cleopatra(1623)（安東尼和埃及豔後）
The reasons why Shakespeare is so famous
his great understanding of human nature
his ability to find universal human qualities and put them in dramatic situations
Christopher Marlowe(1564-1593)（馬洛）
the greatest pioneer of English drama, whose efforts in reforming it paves the way for Shakespeare
ended in a deliberately（有意的） planned political murder
Representative works
The Tragical History of Dr.Faustus(1604)（浮士德博士的悲劇）
his most important play
The Neo-Classical Period (1660-1785)
Historical Background
The 17th century witnessed the Bourgeois Revolution and the Restoration
The 18th century is a comparatively peaceful development period. (The Industrial Revolution)
Classicism prevailed（流行） for the most part of the century with Alexander Pope（亞歷山大·蒲柏） as its representative.
Satrie（諷刺文學）, making fun of people, came to full growth in this century.
Alexander Pope（亞歷山大·蒲柏）
Jonathan Swift（喬納森·斯威夫特）
Daniel Defoe（丹尼爾笛福）
John Milton(1608-1674)（約翰·彌爾頓）
English poet, pamphleteer（小冊子作者）and historian
is considered the most significant English author after William Shakespeare
Representative works
L'Allegro(1645) and Il Penseroso(1645)
twin poems
Areopagitica(1644)
his most famous pamphlets on religious and political subjects
Paradise Lost(1667)（失樂園）
his masterpiece
epic
Paradise Regained(1671)（復樂園）
sequel（續編）
Samson Agonistes(1671)（力士參孫）
poetic tragedy
Alexander Pope(1688-1744)（亞歷山大·蒲柏）
is considered the greatest English poet of the classcial school in the first half of the 18th century
the first English poet who could lived off the sales of his works
Representative works
An Essay on Criticism(1711)（批評論）
his first major contribution to the literary world
The Rape of the Lock(1712,1714)（捲髮遇劫記）
his most popular poem
translated Homer's Iliad and part of Odyssey（荷馬史詩：伊利亞德和奧德賽）
Jonathan Swift(1667-1745)（喬納森·斯威夫特）
is probably the foremost prose satirist（一流的散文諷刺小說家） in the English language
Representative works
Gulliver's Travels(1726)（格列夫遊記）
his greatest work
Lilliput（小人國）
The land of giants（巨人國）
The Island of Sorcerers（巫師國）
Yahoo
a creature representing the human race, is inferior to and governed by a noble breed of reasoning and high-minded horses
an unparalleled（無比的） satirical（諷刺的） depiction（描繪） of vice（罪行）, folly（愚蠢）and mere weakness of mankind
Daniel Defoe(1660-1731)（丹尼爾·笛福）
a famous English pamphleteer, journalist and novelist
was viewed as one of the progenitors（創辦人）of the English novel
Representative works
Robinson Crusoe(1719)（魯濱遜漂流記）
won him great acclaim
the most famous tale of a shipwreck（船舶失事）and solitary（獨自的） survival in literature
Robinson is representative of the English bourgeoisiein its earlier stage of development.
The Romantic Period(1785-1830)
Pioneers of Romantic Poets
It is a revolt（厭惡）against the prescribed（規定的） rules of Classicism. Writers od Romantic literature are more concerned with imagination and feeling than with reason and intellect.
Pioneers（先驅者）
began the trend,bringing emotionalism（感情主義） and introspection（自省）to English literature with a new concentration on the individual and the common man
William Wordsworth(1770-1850)
Representative works
The Prelude(1850)
Long, autobiographical poem
“My Heart Leaps Up”
Short poem
"I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud"
Short poem
"Declaration of Independence" of romantic poetry（浪漫主義獨立宣言）－Lyrical Ballads(1798)（抒情詩集）
a volume of poems written by Wordsworth and Coleridge
Samuel Taylor Coleridge(1772-1834)
Representative works
"The Rime of the Ancient Mariner"(1798)（古舟子詠）
Most famous poem
Lake Poets
Any of the English poets who lived in the English Lake District at the beginning of the 19th century.
Lived in the Lake District to explore nature
Discount with the development of capitalism, they sought literary refuge （尋求文學避難）
Three main figures
William Wordsworth(1770-1850)
Samuel Taylor Coleridge(1772-1834)
Robert Southey
Their works often eulogize（稱讚）the beauty of the Lake District.
The Major "Second Generation" of Romantic Poets
They brought the Romantic Movement to its height. They scorned social convention and often used poetry as a political voice.
George Gordon Byron(1788-1824)（拜倫）
Lord Byron
Representative works
Child Harold's Pilgrimage(1812, 1816, 1818)
Don Juan(1819-1824)（唐璜）
his masterpiece
Percy Bysshe Shelley(1792-1822)（雪萊）
is justifiably regarded as a great poet of revolutionary Romanticism in England
Representative works
Long poem
"The Revolt of Islam"(1818)
Political lyric
"The Masque of Anarchy"(1832)
Essay
"A Defense of Poetry"(1840)
Lyrical drama
"Prometheus Unbound"(1820)
His masterpiece
Symbolizes the victory of man’s struggle against tyranny （暴政）and oppression（壓迫）
Short poems
"Ode to the West Wind"(1819)（西風訟） and "Ode to a Skylark"(1820)（致雲雀）
the lovely musical quality appears in his short poems on nature
John Keats(1785-1821)（濟慈）
A famous English Romantic lyrical poet
Representative works
Lamia, the great odes( On Indolence, On a Grecian Urn, To Psyche, To a Nightigale, On Melancholy, and To Autumn).
The Victorian Period(1832-1901)
The novel became the leading form of literature in the English language
Critical Realism
A trend, or method, in realistic literature and art in the 19th and 20th centuries.(The early 30s of the 19th to the beginning years of the 20th century)
The features: The critical realists described the cheif traits of the society and criticized the capitalist system from a democratic viewpoint.
Representatives
Charles Dickens(1812-1870)（查爾斯狄更斯）
Jane Austen(1775-1817)（珍奧斯汀）
Bronte Sisters（勃朗特姊妹）
The characteristic nof the Critical Realism novels
The critical realists described the cheif traits of the society and criticized the capitalist system from a democratic viewpoint.
Representatives
Charles Dickens(1812-1870)（查爾斯狄更斯）
The greatest English realist
a fierce critic of the poverty and social stratification（分化）of Victorian England
his writing style
在 his enormous body of works, Dickens combined masterly storytelling, humor, pathos（傷感）, and irony with sharp social criticism and actue observation of pepole and places, both real and imagined。 and symbolic complexity.
Representative works
The Pickwick Papers(1836-1837)
His first novel
Showed a rare comic gift
Brought him immediate fame and this continued right through his career
Great Expectations(1860-1861)（遠大前程）
his best-known works
Oliver Twist(1837-1839)（霧都孤兒）
A Tale of Two Cities(1859)（雙城記）
David Copperfield(1849-1850)（大衛·科波菲爾）
Is argued by some to be his best and most autobiographical novel（自傳體小說）
Jane Austen(1775-1817)（珍奧斯汀）
is noted particularly for her vivid description and lively interplay（互動）of her characters, superb sense of comic irony （反語；諷刺）and moral firmness
Her works focus on practical social issues, especially marriage and money, ridiculing the silly, the affected（做作的）and the stupid
She is regarded as one of the great masters of the English novel
Representative works
Sense and Sensibility(1811)（理性與情緒）
Pride and Prejudice(1813)（傲慢與偏見）
Mansfield Park(1814)（曼斯菲爾德莊園）
Emma(1815)（愛瑪）
Bronte Sisters（勃朗特姊妹）
All talented and all dying young
Charlotte(1816-1855)
Representative works
Jane Eyre(1847)（簡愛）
Emily(1818-1848)
Representative works
Wuthering Heights(1847)（呼嘯山莊）
Anne(1820-1849)
Representative works
Anne of Green Gable（綠山牆的安妮）
George Eliot(1819-1880)（喬治·艾略特）
is the pen name adopted by Mary Ann Evans, a gifted woman writer who adopted a masculine（男性化的；有男子氣概的）name in order to survive in a male-dominated world which refused to take what a woman wrote serlyman wrote serly
philosophical writer
Her profound thinking and complex representation of life won her the name
Representative works
Adam Bede(1859)
The Mill on the Floss(1860)
Silas Marner(1861)
Middlemarch(1871-1872)
Is not only her masterpiece but also one of the greatest novels in the world literature
Thomas Hardy(1840-1928)（托馬斯哈代）
English novelist and poet
Is one of the representatives of English Critical Realism at the turn of the 19th century
Representative works
The Return of the Native(1878)
The Mayor of Casterbridge(1886)
Tess of the D'Urbervilles(1891)
His masterpiece
Jude the Obscure(1895)
His masterpiece
Neo-Romanticism
Emerged in late 19th century
It is considered in opposition to naturalism. The naturalist in art stresses external observation, whereas the neo-romantic adds feeling and internal observation.
These artists tend to draw their inspiration from artists of the age of high romanticism.
Representatives
Robert Louis Stevenson (1850-1894)
Representative works
Treasure Island(1881)（金銀島）
Kidnapped(1886)
Strange Case of Dr.Jekyll and Mr.Hyde(1886)
His most famous work
Aestheticism
late 19th-century European arts movement
"art for art's sake"（為了藝術而藝術）
strive for beauty
It centered on the docrine that art exists for the sake of its beauty alone, and that it need serve no political, didactic（道德說教的）, or other purpose.
Representatives
Oscar Wild（奧斯卡王爾德）
Representative works
The Picture of Dorian Gray(1891)（道林‧格雷的畫像）
Salome(1893)（莎樂美）
Dante Gabriel Rossetti
Aubrey Vincent Beardsley
The Modern Period(1914-1915)
The 20th century English literature can be roughly divided into two periods :Modernism and Postmodernism.
modernism prevailed before World War the second .
Fiction
Representatives
Joseph Conrad(1857-1924)（康納德）
A Polish-born British novelist
is classified as a forerunner （先驅）of Modernism
Representative works
The Heart of Darkness(1902)
Most famous story
Virginia Woolf(1882-1941)（伍爾芙）
a central figure of the "Bloomsbury Group"（布魯姆斯伯里派）
is one of the leading writers of Modernism
In her works she experiments with the stream of consciousness: the apparently unorganized flow of thought onto page
Woolf is an influential feminist（有影響力的女性主義者）
Representative works
Mrs. Dalloway(1925)
To The Lighthouse(1927)
Orlando(1928)
A Room of One's Own(1929)
Her best-known non-fiction work
James Joyce(1882-1941)（喬伊）
Irish novelist, is another well-known novelist of the stream of consciousness school.
Representative works
Utysses(1922)（尤利西斯）
Finnegans Wake(1939)
D.H.Lawrence(1885-1930)（弗倫斯）
He advocated（擁護；主張）the principle of saving the decaying（腐爛）civilization through a rearrangement （重新整理）of personal relationships, especially those between men and women.
Representative works
Sons and Lovers(1913)
Partly based on his own life
Rainbow(1915)
Lady Chatterley's Lover(1928)
The most controversial （引發爭議的）of his works
Stream of Consciousness（意識流）
first appearance in the late 19th century
It is a kind of literary technique which depicts the characters' mentral and emotional reactions in an unpunctuated（未被打斷的）or disjointed（雜亂無章的）form.
Writers who adopt this technique give precedence to the depiction of the characters’ mental and emotional reactions to external events ,rather than the events themselves.
Poetry
Representatives
William Butler Yeats(1865-1939)(葉芝)
The leading figure of the Modernist Movement in English poetry
An Irish poet, dramatist and prose writer
His fame rested chiefly（首先） on his poetry
The Nobel Prize in Literature 1923 was awarded to William Butler Yeats "for his always inspired poetry, which in a highly artistic form gives expression to the spirit of a whole nation".
Representative works
The Wild Swans at Coole
Michael Robartes and the Dancer
The Tower
Thomas Stearns Eliot(1888-1965)
The leading figure of the Modernist Movement in English poetry
an American-English poet,dramatist and literary critic（文學評論家）
The Nobel Prize in Literature 1948 was awarded yo T.S.Eliot "for his outstanding, pioneer contribution to present-day poetry".
Representative works
The Waste Land(1922)（荒野）
Long poem
One of the principal example of the new trend in English poetry and represents （代表；象徵）the disillusionment（幻滅；醒悟）of a generation of intellectuals （智力的）after the end of World War I
Four Quartets(1935-1942)
Consists of four long poems, “Burnt Norton”, “East Coker”, “The Dry Salvages” and “Little Gidding”
Drama
Representatives
George Bernard Shaw(1856-1950)
An Irish dramatist, literary critic, socialist spokesmen
the winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1925
He established himself as a leading music and theater critic in the 1880s and the 1890s and became a prominent（傑出的；突出的）member of the Fabian Society （費邊社）
Representative works
Plays Pleasant and Unpleasant(1898)
Widowers'Houses(1892)
Mrs. Warren's Profession(1902)
Arms and the Man(1898)
Pygmalion(1913)（皮格馬利翁）
Saint Joan(1924)
regained his acceptance by the post-war public
The Postmodern Period(1945-)
Fiction
Representatives
George Orwell(1903-1950)（喬治‧歐威爾）
Representative works
Nineteen Eighty-Four(1949)（1984）
William Golding(1911-1993)
the winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1983
Representative works
Lord of the Flies(1954)
V.S.Naipaul(1932-)
the winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2001
Representative works
The Middle Passage(1962)
An Area of Darkness(1964)
India: A Wounded Civilization(1977)
India: A Million Mutinies Now(1990)
The Mystic Masseur(1957)
In a Free State(1971)
A Bend in the River(1979)
Half a Life(2001)
Drama
Representatives
Sammuel Beckett(1906-1989)
one of the great names in the “Theater of the Absurd ”（荒誕戲劇派）
the winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1969
Representative works
Waiting for Godot(1952)
Harold Pinter(1903-2008)
the winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2005
since the1970s, Pinter had been active in human rights and politics
Representative works
The Birthday Party(1959)
The Caretaker(1960)
The Homecoming(1965)
Betrayal(1978)
Moonlight(1993)