Our sense of self means what we believe to be true of ourselves, without an accurate reflection of our actual abilities.

Learners need to hold a positive but realistic sense of self to avoid some undesirable behaviors like bullying and cheating.

Self-efficacy: is a cognitive self-construct that focuses on assessing one's ability to do something successfully.

Self-concept: is a set of cognitive beliefs about abilities and an affective evaluation of competence in a specific domain (physical, academic, social...).

Self-esteem: emerges from the interaction of all the many other beliefs and feelings we hold about ourrselves, such as domain-specidic seelf-concepts and self-effficacy beliefs.

Identity: being individuals' sense of self in realtion to specific learning setting and roles. Each learner has multiple identities reflecting the multiple roles, social groups, and settings with which that individual is connected.

Cultural factors: use social and environmental clues to make sense of who we feel we are. => different cultures may esteem different personality traits and values, and this can affect a learner's sense of self.

Experiences of success and failure: It’s the learners’ own interpretation of experiences as being successes or failures that influence their sense of self. E.g: For some learners, receiving a B on a test may be a great success, while for others, it could be perceived as a failure.

Internal comparisons: This happens when learners compare themselves across subjects and draw conclusions about their abilities in one domain through comparison with their experiences in another.

Feedback: How we judge the feedback both explicit and implicit that we get from others. => Teachers need to ensure that all feedback and praise are credible. => Learners also need to respect and value the person giving feedback.

Social comparisons: Being external and involve individuals comparing themselves to others in order to gain a sense of their competence and abilities. => it’s extremely detrimental to learners’ sense of self.

Self-driven behaviors styles: self-evaluation; self-protection; self-enhancement.

Revisit our understanding of different facets of the self => seek to enhance these small segments that leafing to bigger changes in the overall self

Through experiences of success: these need to represent genuine, believable experiences of success in order to be positive for the learner’s sense of self.

Create a positive class atmosphere to reduce anxiety; pay attention to how we deal with mistakes, the kinds of praise and feedback we offer, and the way we generally interact with learners