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心智圖資源庫 Contemporary International Politics and Economics
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Contemporary International Politics and Economics
This is a mind map about contemporary international politics and economics, including countries with unique characteristics, world multipolarity, economic globalization, international organizations, etc.
編輯於2024-02-06 19:06:06
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Contemporary International Politics and Economics
Countries with their own characteristics
State system and government
nation
Origin: The state is the product and manifestation of irreconcilable class contradictions
Elements: population, territory, political power, sovereignty (the most important elements)
Nature: The nature of a country is the class nature of the country. The nature of the ruling class determines the nature of the country.
Democracy and Dictatorship
democracy
Target: ruling class
Implementation method: the minority obeys the majority
dictatorship
Target: the ruled class
Implementation method: relying on state power
The connection between the two: Democracy and dictatorship are interdependent
Democracy and dictatorship are not the same as democracy and dictatorship
The relationship between the state system and the political system
State system: nature of the state (people’s democratic dictatorship), content (who is in power)
Political system: The organizational form of state power is also the form of state management (the People's Congress system), the form (how to hold power)
Contact between the two
The state system and the political system are interrelated and interdependent. The state system determines the political system. The political system reflects the state system. A certain political system serves a certain state system.
The political system has a counterproductive effect on the national system. An appropriate political system consolidates the national system and an inappropriate political system harms the national system.
The political system is relatively independent
People’s Congress system and parliamentary system (both are representative systems)
People's Congress System
Economic base: public ownership
State system: People’s democratic dictatorship
Class essence: safeguarding the interests of the people
Principle: democratic centralism
parliamentary system
Economic base: private ownership
State system: bourgeois dictatorship
Class essence: safeguarding the interests of the bourgeoisie
Principle: Separation of powers
Democratic Republic and Constitutional Monarchy (Both are political systems, both are improvements in the form of state management compared to monarchy)
Democratic Republic: The head of state is elected and has a certain term of office. It is the product of a relatively thorough bourgeois revolution.
Constitutional monarchy: The hereditary monarch serves as the head of state, the monarch's power is limited, the term of the head of state is lifelong, the product of incomplete bourgeois revolution or improvement of the monarchy
parliamentary and presidential systems
Parliamentary system: The core of power is the parliament, and the authority of the head of state is empty.
Government is accountable to Parliament
When the parliament expresses no confidence in the government, the government must resign en masse and the head of state appoints someone to reorganize the government.
The head of government requested the head of state to dissolve the meeting, conduct new parliamentary elections, and establish a new government based on the new results.
The head of government is the leader of the majority party or coalition of majority parties
Presidential system: The core of power is the president, and the authority of the head of state is the real power.
The government is accountable to the president
When the president exercises power, he does not bear policy responsibility to the parliament. The parliament cannot cast a vote of no confidence due to policy issues, causing the president and the government to resign.
The president has no power to dissolve parliament
The head of government is elected by voters
Types of Western Party Systems
One-party system: one political party legally exists and controls power, characterized by a high degree of unity of the party and a high degree of centralization of power by individuals (fascist, contemporary nationalist countries)
Two-party system: Two evenly matched political parties alternately govern, characterized by the fact that both parties are run by parties controlled by the monopoly bourgeoisie (United States, United Kingdom)
Multi-party system: A political party system in which multiple political parties compete for national political positions and form a government through a party alliance. The characteristic is that the common organizational form is a party alliance (France, Germany, Japan, India, China)
Political parties and interest groups
Political party: has specific political goals and ideologies, participates in the electoral process, is responsible to the public, obtains or participates in political power, has diverse membership, limited number, and integration of interests
Interest group: has no specific political goals and ideologies, exists outside the electoral process, has no obligation to be responsible to the public, has made influence on government decisions to realize its own interests, has a single membership, is numerous in number, and has common interests.
state structure
National sovereignty
Essence: The legal basis for the existence of a modern state is unified and indivisible, and a state has the supreme and exclusive political rights over the area under its jurisdiction.
Basic rights: the right to independence (to handle internal affairs according to one's own will), jurisdiction, the right to equality (all have equal status under international law), the right to self-defense (the right to defend one's own survival and independence)
central and local
A unified country can only have one central government
The division of powers between the central government and local governments at all levels is stipulated in the national constitution
The relationship between the central and local governments in my country
Maintain two initiatives: fully mobilize the initiative of both the central and local governments
The central government will reduce its intervention in local micro affairs, strengthen macro management and strictly supervise local governments.
Local governments must strengthen the concept of a national game of chess and consciously safeguard the authority of the Party Central Committee and the State Council
Focus on fully mobilizing local enthusiasm
Scientific allocation of central and local functions: streamlining administration and delegating powers, strengthening supervision, and promoting each other
Adjust the relationship between central and local governments through the rule of law
Rely on the rule of law to promote functional adjustment
Continuously improve laws and regulations in accordance with the requirements for improving the relationship between the central and local governments
unitary state
Centralized type: no local autonomy (France)
Decentralized type: local governments have autonomy (UK)
Unity and federalism
Unitary system: a single sovereign state composed of several administrative regions. It has only one legislative body, one constitution, one central government, one nationality, and powers are delegated by the central government. The central government exercises unified diplomatic powers (China, France, Italy, Japan, and the United Kingdom)
Federalism: A country composed of complete political entities that enjoy relative sovereignty. Each federation has multiple legislative bodies. Each federation has its own constitution. Each federation also has its own central authority. There are federal citizens and federal members. Citizenship rights are transferred from the constituent units to federal localities. Diplomatic power (Germany, Russia, India, Brazil)
The same thing: they are all forms of national structure and the issue of vertical distribution of state power is the result of the combined effect of various factors.
Multipolarity of the world
Multipolarity trend
The development of a multi-polar world
Performance: The world is forming several political and economic power centers
Role: Conducive to world peace and development
Reasons: The world's forces are complex, interest relationships are redifferentiated and combined, relations between major powers have undergone major and profound adjustments, and the international landscape is developing towards multipolarity.
Process: Multipolarization is a development trend, an evolutionary process full of twists and turns and complex struggles.
Power: United States, China, European Union, Russia, Japan, India
International Relations (Basic Forms: Competition, Cooperation and Conflict)
International relations are complex and ever-changing
National interests and national strength are the decisive factors affecting international relations
National interests are the reflection of the will and interests of the country’s ruling class
Common interests between countries are the basis for cooperation, while opposing interests are the root cause of national conflicts.
Safeguarding national interests is sovereignty and the starting point and end point of a country’s foreign activities.
A powerful guarantee for safeguarding national interests is strong national strength
No country should violate other countries' sovereignty and security or interfere in other countries' internal affairs on the pretext of safeguarding their own national interests.
Our country is a socialist country in which the people are the masters of the country. National interests are consistent with the fundamental interests of the people. To safeguard national interests is to safeguard the fundamental interests of the people.
The essence of current international competition: it is a competition of comprehensive national strength based on economic and scientific and technological strength.
peace and development
Peace and development are the themes of today's era
Development is the key to solving all problems
Peace is the prerequisite for development, and development is the foundation of peace
Factors that promote peace and development
Economic globalization: It has deepened the interdependence of countries, and the willingness to jointly maintain and promote world peace and development has continued to increase.
Multipolarity of the world: The checks and balances between different power centers strengthen the power to maintain world peace and promote common development.
Science and technology: The development of science and technology has greatly changed the face of international relations and war.
International coordination mechanism: Negotiation and dialogue have become the main means of resolving conflicts
Main obstacles to peace and development
Hegemonism and power politics: essentially putting one's own country's interests above the legitimate interests of other countries
Gap between rich and poor: The most prominent problem in global development is the uneven development between the north and the south.
Global issues: Frequent local turbulence, food security, energy and resource security and other global issues are prominent.
Measures to promote world peace and development
Jointly safeguard the international order and system with the purposes and principles of the United Nations Charter as the core
Promote the construction of a new type of international relations featuring mutual respect, fairness, justice, and win-win cooperation
Resolutely oppose hegemonism and power politics and promote the establishment of a new international order
Promote democratization of international relations
Promote institutional reform and construction of the global governance system and discuss, build and share a global governance system
democratization of international relations
Advocate for China
reason
Many challenges to peace and development
The destiny of the world should be jointly controlled by the people of all countries. Things in the world should be discussed and handled by the governments and people of all countries on the basis of equality and mutual benefit.
Countries should let their own governments and people decide international affairs. Governments and people of all countries should consult on an equal footing.
The democratization of international relations is an important guarantee for world peace.
Requirements: Oppose hegemonic power politics, jointly promote the establishment of a global governance system, better protect the development rights and interests of developing countries, and jointly promote the democratization of international relations.
China's diplomacy
our country's foreign policy
Determining factors: national interests. The nature of the country determines that our country pursues an independent foreign policy of peace.
The basic position is independence
The purpose is to maintain world peace and promote common development
The basic goal is to safeguard our country's sovereignty, security and development interests and promote world peace and development.
The basic norms are the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence
Xi Jinping Thought on Diplomacy
Significance: It provides fundamental compliance and action guidance for China’s diplomacy in the new era, and points the way for exploring and solving various complex problems in today’s world.
Core Concept: Building a community with a shared future for mankind
Core Essentials: Ten Persistences
Requirements: Comprehensively implement Xi Jinping Thought on Diplomacy, and continuously create good external conditions for realizing the Chinese dream of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation and promoting the construction of a community with a shared future for mankind.
A community with a shared future for mankind
Connotation: Adhere to dialogue and consultation to build a world of lasting peace Adhere to co-construction and sharing and uphold a universally safe world Adhere to win-win cooperation and build a world of common prosperity Adhere to exchanges and mutual learning to build an open and inclusive world Adhere to green and low carbon and build a clean and beautiful world
Requirements: Politically, mutual respect and equal consultation, resolutely abandon the Cold War mentality and power politics, and engage in dialogue rather than confrontation. In terms of security, we insist on resolving disputes through dialogue and resolving differences through consultation. Economically, we work together to promote trade and investment liberalization and facilitation and promote economic globalization. Culturally, respect the diversity of world civilizations Ecologically, adhere to environmental friendliness and cooperate to deal with climate change.
Significance: Inheriting and developing major diplomatic thoughts and ideas in different periods of New China Reflects the excellent Chinese and foreign cultures and the pursuit of common values of all mankind Adapted to the historic changes in the relationship between China and the world in the new era It points out the direction of world development and the future of mankind.
Vivid practice of Chinese wisdom
Significant value: Building a community with a shared future for mankind, contributing Chinese wisdom and Chinese solutions
China Action: Adhere to the basic national policy of opening up to the outside world, focus on the joint construction of the Belt and Road Initiative, insist on equal emphasis on bringing in and going out, follow the principle of extensive consultation, joint contribution and shared benefits, strengthen open cooperation in innovation capabilities, support the multilateral trading system, and build a community with a shared future for mankind.
Economic Globalization
Entering economic globalization
Main manifestations: production globalization, trade globalization (goods, services, capital, technology, labor), financial globalization
Main factors affecting economic globalization
Fundamental factors: material and technical foundation
Economic globalization is an objective requirement for the development of social productive forces and an inevitable result of scientific and technological progress.
Fundamental motivation: the pursuit of national interests by all countries in the world
Institutional foundation: The market economic system lays the institutional foundation for economic globalization.
An important carrier of economic globalization (multinational corporations)
Meaning: Establishing a branch or subsidiary through foreign direct investment based on the home country
Status: a powerful carrier of economic globalization
Purpose: To achieve the greatest benefit
Influence
Positive impact: Promote the in-depth development of production globalization, trade globalization, financial globalization and the deepening of international division of labor, and promote the optimization of global resource allocation and global scientific and technological cooperation and progress.
Negative impact: Not considering the national interests of the home country or host country, implementing transnational industry monopoly, undermining fair competition in the international market, transferring backward production capacity to developing countries, environmental pollution, etc.
Opportunities and challenges of economic globalization
opportunity
Promote the development of social productivity
Promote the global flow of goods, services and production factors
Promote the improvement of the level of international division of labor and the rapid development of international trade
Promote the improvement of resource allocation efficiency, scientific and technological progress, industrial transfer and structural upgrading worldwide to provide strong impetus for world economic development.
challenge
Unbalanced development of the world economy
Uncertainty and risk exacerbate problems
Requirements: Seize opportunities, actively participate, and bravely face challenges, work together to achieve win-win cooperation
Make economic globalization more dynamic
Guide the direction of economic globalization: Promote economic globalization to develop in the direction of openness, inclusiveness, universal benefit, balance and win-win
Building a Four-Type World Economy: Building an Innovative World Economy and Opening Up Sources of Growth Build an open world economy and expand development space Build an interconnected world economy and gather interactive synergy Build an inclusive world economy and lay a solid foundation for win-win results
Improve the global governance system
Economic Globalization and China
Forming a new pattern of comprehensive opening up
my country's opening to the outside world
A new pattern of all-round, multi-level and wide-ranging opening-up has been formed, and an open economic system with Chinese characteristics has been established.
my country adheres to the basic national policy of opening up to the outside world, actively participates in and promotes the process of economic globalization, and relies on my country's large-scale market advantages to promote international cooperation and achieve mutual benefit and win-win results.
Improve the level of opening up (how))
Accelerate the transformation of the foreign economic development model, promote opening up to optimize the structure, expand depth, and improve efficiency. Cultivate an open economy, form new advantages in export competition, expand foreign trade, and promote the construction of a strong trading nation.
Basic strategy to form new advantages in export competition: adhere to the combination of bringing in and going out
Implement high-level trade and investment liberalization and facilitation policies, protect the legitimate rights and interests of foreign investors, promote international production capacity cooperation, and cultivate new advantages in international competition, cooperation, and competition.
Opening up and self-reliance
The relationship between the two: To implement opening up to the outside world, we must adhere to the principles of independence and self-reliance, and implement opening up to the outside world based on our own development.
Reasons for self-reliance: Key core technologies are important tools for the country, and we cannot rely on others for construction at any time. Requirements: Take independence and self-reliance as your starting point, enhance independent innovation capabilities, and achieve independent control of key core technologies
Reasons for opening up to the outside world: Achieving high-quality development must be carried out under more open conditions Requirements: Unswervingly expand opening to the outside world and pursue a mutually beneficial and win-win opening strategy
An important promoter of world economic development
Beneficiaries of economic globalization
my country’s economic and social development has won a good international environment
Promote the construction and improvement of the socialist market economic system
Promote the improvement of the level of open economy
Driven the optimization and upgrading of domestic industrial structure
Created a lot of job opportunities
Improved people's income and living standards
Contributors to economic globalization
Since the reform and opening up, the lives of our people have been greatly improved, making great contributions to world development and providing useful inspiration to other developing countries.
China's development provides opportunities for the development of countries around the world It provides countries around the world with a broader market, more abundant capital, richer products, and more valuable cooperation opportunities. Providing continued strong impetus for the stability and growth of the global economy
China's coordinated development with a large number of countries has made global economic development more balanced
China's reform and opening up continues to advance, providing important impetus for the development of an open world economy
Promote the development of economic globalization
China will become a contributor to global development and a defender of the international order with a more open attitude, promote common development and sustainable development of the world, and build a world of common prosperity.
China adheres to the general direction of building an open world economy and explores new impetus for world economic growth.
As the world's major economy and a responsible country, China adheres to the multilateral trading system and actively participates in global economic governance and rule-making to jointly address challenges through consultation.
my country's joint construction of the Belt and Road Initiative not only aims to promote my country's own development, but also shares China's development opportunities with other countries.
International organizations
major international organizations
International organizations
Status: International organizations are important members of the international community
Classification
By nature of membership: intergovernmental international organizations and non-governmental international organizations
By geographical scope: worldwide international organizations and regional international organizations
By scope of functions: general international organizations and specialized international organizations
Characteristics: international, purposeful, organizational, autonomous
International organizations are the product of the development of international relations to a certain historical stage and reflect the level and requirements of the development of productive forces.
effect
Active role: Promote exchanges, coordination and cooperation in the economic, political and cultural fields of the international community and promote world peace and development
Limitations: Certain major countries rely on their power to control international organizations and pursue hegemonism and power politics.
Basic principles of international relations advocated by the United Nations Charter
Status: The most universal, representative and authoritative intergovernmental international organization in the world today
in principle
Sovereign equality of all member states
Countries should faithfully fulfill their obligations under the Charter
Settling international disputes by peaceful means
The threat or use of force shall not be carried out in any manner inconsistent with the purposes of the United Nations
To provide all assistance to the United Nations in any action taken in accordance with the Charter
Ensure that non-member states adhere to the above principles to maintain international peace and security
The United Nations organization shall not interfere in matters that are essentially within the jurisdiction of any State, but this shall not prevent the United Nations from taking enforcement action against threats to the peace, breaches of the peace and acts of aggression.
main body of the united nations
General Assembly: The main deliberative body has broad powers and is composed of representatives of member states. Each member state has one vote. It decides important issues and must be passed by a 2/3 majority. Other issues are decided by a simple majority.
Security Council: The main responsibility for maintaining international peace and security. It is composed of five permanent members: China, the United States, Russia, Britain, and France, and ten non-permanent members elected by the General Assembly for a two-year term. Each member has one vote.
Economic and Social Council: Composed of 54 council members elected by the General Assembly. It mainly focuses on international economic, social, cultural, education, health and other issues.
Trusteeship Council: Responsible for overseeing the Trust Territory. It has completed its mission and ceased operations.
International Court of Justice: The principal judicial body established for the peaceful settlement of international disputes. Composed of fifteen judges.
Secretariat: composed of the Secretary-General and staff. The Secretary-General is the administrative head of the United Nations and is appointed by the General Assembly on the recommendation of the Security Council.
The role of the United Nations
As the core of the collective security mechanism, it plays an irreplaceable role in international cooperation to ensure global security.
The United Nations development system hosted a major international conference in the field of United Nations development
The best place to practice multilateralism and an effective platform to collectively respond to various threats and challenges.
The role of the United Nations can only be strengthened and cannot be weakened. The reform of the United Nations should promote democracy and extensive consultation.
regional international organizations
European Union: a typical example of regional integration organization
The European Union has become the most integrated regional international organization in the world today.
Purpose: To achieve the common goals of all member states (promote peace, pursue a prosperous life for citizens, achieve sustainable social and economic development, ensure basic value standards and strengthen international cooperation)
EU and China: The economic advantages of each region are highly complementary. In May 1975, China established diplomatic relations with the European Economic Community In 2003, China and the EU established a comprehensive strategic partnership. Political mutual trust between the two sides continued to deepen. Economic and trade ties became increasingly close. Personnel exchanges continued to be frequent.
Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)
Status: The highest-level, broadest and most influential economic cooperation mechanism in the Asia-Pacific region
Purpose: Support sustainable economic growth and prosperity in the Asia-Pacific region, defend free and open trade and investment, accelerate regional economic integration, encourage economic and technological cooperation, ensure people's security, and promote the construction of a good and sustainable business environment.
Unique approach: recognizing diversity, emphasizing flexibility, indirectness and openness Follow the principles of mutual respect, equality and mutual benefit, consensus through consultation, and independence and voluntariness Combining unilateral action with collective action
China and APEC
Is an important member of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation
China joined APEC in 1991 and has actively participated in cooperation at all levels and in various fields and made positive contributions to the development of APEC.
Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
Status: Asia’s most impressive regional international organization
Mechanism: During the development process, mechanisms such as 10 1, 10 3, ASEAN Regional Forum, ASEAN Defense Ministers’ Meeting Plus and East Asia Summit were formed, which have become important platforms for promoting regional cooperation and integration.
China and ASEAN: my country and ASEAN maintain good communication and cooperation within the framework of regional mechanisms In 2003, China and ASEAN established a strategic partnership In 2010, the China-ASEAN Free Trade Area was fully completed October 2013 China-ASEAN Community with a Shared Future to Jointly Build the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road In November 2021, China-ASEAN officially announced the establishment of a China-ASEAN comprehensive strategic partnership.
african union
The African Union is Africa's most important regional cooperation organization
The most important decisions are made at the summit
After its establishment, the African Union has become a banner leading African countries to unite for self-strength and seek common development.
China and the African Union: maintain communication and coordination on major international issues such as the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and hot issues in Africa The AU actively supports China on issues involving China's core and major interests China provides assistance to the African Union’s institutional capacity building and other projects
China and international organizations
The historical evolution of relations between China and the United Nations
The sponsoring country of the Chinese-style San Francisco City and County Conference is a founding member of the United Nations
China’s status and role in the United Nations
Status: China is an important member of the international community and an important force in the international political and economic landscape. As a permanent member of the Security Council, China enjoys veto power on major matters concerning world peace and development, and is one of the most influential countries in the United Nations.
Role: In line with its major international responsibilities, China upholds the purposes and principles of the United Nations Charter and plays a constructive role in the cause of human peace and development. China actively promotes political settlement of many regional conflicts. China is a staunch supporter and active participant in United Nations peacekeeping operations. China insists on achieving common prosperity through mutually beneficial cooperation. China actively promotes North-South dialogue and South-South cooperation.
China advocates: China is one of the earliest advocates and strong supporters of United Nations reform. China advocates that reform should be conducive to upholding the purposes and principles of the United Nations Charter and better playing its role. The representation and voice of developing countries should be increased to effectively safeguard their interests.
emerging international organizations
G20
After the outbreak of the international financial crisis in 2008, the old international mechanism dominated by Western countries was unable to cope with the situation, and the G20 therefore became the new global economic governance platform.
Features: The members cover a wide range of areas and are highly representative. The composition takes into account the interests of developed and developing countries and different regions.
Role: Mainly discusses major global economic and financial hot issues
China and the G20
Status: Founding country and the largest developing country among them. The G20 has become an important platform for China to participate in global governance.
Role: Proposing to jointly build an innovative, open, interconnected and inclusive world economy, advocating an equal, open, cooperative and shared global economic governance concept, and contributing Chinese wisdom.
BRICS mechanism
Purpose: Follow the principles of openness, transparency, solidarity and mutual assistance, deepen cooperation, seek common development, and the BRICS spirit of openness, inclusiveness, and win-win cooperation, and commit to building a closer, more comprehensive, and stronger partnership.
Structure: guided by leaders’ meetings and supported by ministerial meetings
Significance: It has deepened unity and mutual trust, enhanced the well-being of the people of the five countries, tightened the bonds of interests and emotions, and made outstanding contributions to the stabilization and recovery of the world economy and its return to the path of growth. The BRICS countries have strengthened solidarity and cooperation to safeguard common interests for emerging markets and developing countries. important platform
Shanghai Cooperation Organization
Characteristics: A cross-regional multilateral comprehensive organization with the largest population and the widest territory in the world and huge potential.
Purpose and principles: embodied in the spirit of Shanghai, namely mutual trust, mutual benefit, equality, consultation, respect for diverse civilizations, and pursuit of common development
Meeting mechanism: Meeting mechanisms such as the head of state, the prime minister, and the secretary of the general inspector general’s security meeting have been established. The coordination work is carried out by the member states and the National Coordinator Council. The languages are Chinese and Russian.
Cooperation in activities: politically resolve border issues and consolidate political mutual trust and good-neighborly friendship among member states In terms of security, the core is to combat the three forces of terrorism, separatism and extremism. Economically, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization covers trade and investment, customs, finance, taxation, transportation and other fields.
Significance: The first international organization named after a Chinese city. It further strengthens the relationship between China and neighboring countries. This mechanism can be called a model of harmonious coexistence between countries with different political systems and cultures, and is committed to maintaining regional peace and stability. Bringing new opportunities and new possibilities to regional good-neighborly and friendly cooperation
Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB)
The headquarters of the multilateral financial institution established by China is located in Beijing. The language is English.
Role: Committed to infrastructure investment in Asia and providing financial support for engineering projects
Operating principles: openness, transparency, independent accountability
Goal: Streamlined, Clean and Green
Improve transparency and inclusiveness. The AIIB operates under the current international economic and financial order, and its relationship with other global and regional multilateral development banks is mutually complementary.