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Galeria de mapas mentais 7th Grade Geography Volume 1
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7th Grade Geography Volume 1
This article is about the mind map of the first three chapters of the first volume of geography for seventh grade students (the third chapter has only three sections). The introduction is detailed and the description is comprehensive. I hope it can be helpful to those who are interested in learning.
Editado em 2023-11-19 19:31:33
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- Descrição
Qishang Geography
Chapter 1 Earth and Maps
Section 1 Earth and Globe
Earth's shape and size
Shape of the Earth: It is a sphere
size of earth
Average radius 6371 kilometers
The maximum circumference is about 40,000 kilometers
Surface area approximately 510 million square kilometers
Model globe of earth
In order to make it easier to see the whole picture, we imitated the shape of the earth and reduced it to a certain proportion.
rotate around an imaginary axis
It is convenient to know the whole picture of the earth
Longitude and latitude lines and latitude and longitude
parallels and latitude
Lines of latitude indicate east-west direction
Northern latitude is represented by "'N"
Nanwei is represented by "S"
The latitude of the equator is 0
The North Pole and the South Pole are each 90 degrees
The world's 0 to 30 degrees are low latitudes, 30 to 60 degrees are mid-latitudes, and 60 to 90 degrees are high latitudes.
longitude and longitude
warp
A line connecting the north and south poles and perpendicular to the parallels
Meridians indicate north-south direction
longitude
The prime meridian has a longitude of 0 degrees and is the starting line of longitude.
180 degrees to the east and west from the prime meridian
East longitude is represented by "E"
West longitude is represented by "W"
Section 2 The Movement of the Earth
Earth's rotation
rotational motion around earth's axis
Turn from west to east
Phenomenon caused by the rotation of the earth
day and night
time difference
Earth's revolution
Constantly revolving around the sun
It also turns from west to east
Effects of the Earth's Revolution
form four seasons
The seasons in the Southern Hemisphere are opposite to those in the Northern Hemisphere
Section 3 Map Reading
Learn to read maps
The concept of map and its three elements
1. Scale
Indicates the degree to which the distance on the map is smaller than the actual distance
Distance on the map/actual distance
2. Direction
①General orientation method
②Pointing method
③Grid and Latitude Orientation Method
3. Legend: Explanation of various symbols and marks on the map
subtopic
Select applicable map
1. Types of maps
socioeconomic map
population map
traffic map
Industrial diagram
agricultural illustration
natural map
topographic map
hydrograph
climate map
school map
vegetation map
2. Map selection
Purpose
Select map type
Section 4 Interpretation of Maps
1. Altitude and relative altitude
altitude
A certain point on the ground is higher than the sea, the vertical distance of the plane
Also called absolute height
Relative height: the vertical distance a point is above another location
2. Contour lines and contour lines
1. Same line and same height
2. Same distance as the picture
3. Closed curve
4.Do not intersect or overlap
Contour topographic map
In places with steep slopes, contour lines are densely packed
Where the slope is gentle, the contour lines are sparse.
Layered color topographic map
1. Meaning: On a map with contour lines and depth lines, the ranges of different heights and depths are colored in different colors.
2. Representation of color
blue ocean
White: Places covered with ice and snow
green: plain
brown: mountains
different shades of yellow
hills
plateau
Mountain
3. Function: Display various terrain distribution conditions more intuitively, and use the altitude scale to determine the ups and downs of the terrain.
4. Five basic terrains
plateau
Above 500 meters above sea level
The area is larger, the periphery is steeper, and the upper part has gentler undulations.
sparse contours
Mountain
Above 500 meters above sea level
With towering peaks and steep slopes
Contour lines are densely zigzag
basin
High around, low in the middle
sparse contours
hills
Below 500 meters above sea level
The relative height is smaller than that of mountains
plain
The altitude is generally below 200 meters
broad and flat
sparse contours
topographic profile
Converted based on contour topographic maps
A more intuitive expression is the undulations of the terrain along a certain direction and the steepness and gentleness of the slope.
Chapter 2 Land and Sea
Section 1 Continents and Oceans
Earth? water polo?
Three percent is land and seven percent is ocean.
The distribution of sea and land is very uneven
seven continents and four oceans
seven continents
Asia
Europe
Africa
North America
South America
Oceania
Antarctica
four oceans
Pacific Ocean
Atlantic
indian ocean
Arctic Ocean
continent
A continent and its surrounding islands together are called a continent
The whole land is divided into seven continents
Ocean
The oceans on the earth are divided by land into four connected oceans (ocean is the general name for sea and ocean)
Among them, the Pacific Ocean accounts for almost half of the global ocean area.
The boundaries of the seven continents
Asia-Europe divide
ural mountains
ural river
Greater Caucasus Mountains
Turkish Straits
Boundary between Asia and Africa: Suez Canal (Egyptian Palm)
The divide between North and South America: the Panama Canal
Asia-North America divide: Bering Strait
Antarctica, South America: Drake Passage
Section 2 Changes on land and sea
Causes of land and sea changes
Natural causes
Crustal Movement
sea level rise and fall
Human causes: land reclamation (partial)
continental drift theory
1. Proposed by: Wegener, Germany
2. Basis for conjecture: The outlines of the west coast of Africa and the east coast of South America are similar.
3.Content
Two hundred million years ago, the continents were one connected land mass
65 million years ago, the original continent began to break up into several continents
There are now seven continents and four oceans, and they are still changing (the Atlantic and Red Sea are expanding, the Pacific and the Mediterranean are shrinking)
4. Scientific basis
The outlines of the continents on both sides of the Atlantic coincide
Africa and South America have similar strata
Paleontological similarities between Africa and South America
The Pacific islands and the American continent are approaching each other at an average speed of 5.1 centimeters per year
movement of plates
1. Proposition of the theory of plate tectonics: In the 1960s, based on the theory of continental drift, scientists proposed the theory of plate tectonics.
2. Contents of plate tectonics theory
The earth's surface, which is composed of rocks, is not one piece but is made up of plates.
The world is roughly divided into six major plates and several smaller plates. The plates are constantly moving.
The crust within the plate is relatively stable, and the crust at the interface between plates is relatively active.
Volcanoes and earthquakes in the world are also concentrated in areas where plate boundaries
3. Influence of plate movement
The impact of plate movement on the appearance of the earth
The rifting movement of two plates creates rift valleys and oceans
Mountains are formed when two plates collide and squeeze together
Volcanic earthquakes are mostly caused in plate boundary areas such as the Pacific Rim, the Mediterranean, and the Himalayas.
Chapter 3 Weather and Climate
Chapter 1 Changeable weather
Weather and climate
weather
1.Meaning: The atmospheric conditions of a region in a short period of time
2.Description
Yin eyes
wind and rain
Hot or cold
3.Characteristics
short time
Changing all the time
The relationship between weather and human activities
It affects people's clothing, industrial and agricultural production, transportation, tourism, and war.
Some weather conditions can bring serious disasters. Typhoons, hail, tornadoes, and cold waves can cause heavy losses to industrial and agricultural production.
Human activities will also affect local weather (artificial rainfall, artificial fog elimination...)
climate
1. Meaning: It is the average weather conditions in an area for many years.
2. Description of climate
Cold in winter and hot in summer
It’s hot and rainy all year round…
3. Characteristics: It has certain characteristics and generally does not change much.
Comparison of weather and climate
different meanings
Different descriptive words
Weather is the basis for climate
Climate is a summary of weather conditions over many years
weather forecast
1. Main contents of weather forecast
Cloudy and sunny (cloudy, sunny)
Wind (wind direction, wind force, wind vane)
2. Satellite cloud image: Areas without white are sunny days. White indicates cloud areas. The whiter the clouds, the thicker the clouds and the greater the probability of precipitation. White cloud areas are generally rainy areas. Green indicates land and blue indicates the ocean.
3. Weather forecast symbols
air quality
1. Measures to reduce air pollution
Reduce industrial waste gas
Reduce vehicle exhaust emissions
Burning of platycodon is prohibited
Platycodon ring field
Don't burn garbage
Reduce construction site and dust pollution
Vigorously develop public transportation and use light energy
Strengthen greening and plant trees
Section 2 Changes and Distribution of Temperature
1. What is the temperature difference: the difference between the highest monthly average temperature and the lowest average temperature within a year
2. The temperature changes of the earth
The highest temperature in the Northern Hemisphere is July on land and August in the ocean
The highest temperature in the Southern Hemisphere is January on land and February in the ocean
The lowest temperature in the Northern Hemisphere is January on land and February in the ocean
The lowest temperature in the Southern Hemisphere is July on land and August in the ocean
3. What is an isotherm? A line connecting points with the same temperature is called an isotherm. The principle of an isotherm is the same as that of a contour line. The upper high-temperature center of an isotherm is usually a mountain peak. The high-temperature center on the contour line is usually a basin. The low-temperature center is usually a basin. The center is usually a mountain peak
4. Distribution rules of world average temperature
Affected by latitude, the temperature decreases from low latitudes to high latitudes
The Northern Hemisphere has a large land area and its isotherms are relatively curved.
The ocean in the Southern Hemisphere is vast, the isotherms are relatively flat, and the changes are small.
Antarctica has lower average annual temperatures than the Arctic Ocean
The temperature on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is lower than other areas at the same latitude
5. Three factors that affect temperature
It is the latitude. The temperature is high at low latitudes and low at high latitudes, because as the latitude increases, the amount of solar heat received by the ground gradually decreases.
Sea and land are located at the same latitude. In summer, the land temperature is high and the ocean temperature is low. In winter, the land temperature is low and the ocean temperature is high. Because land absorbs heat quickly and releases heat quickly, the temperature rises quickly and decreases quickly. The ocean absorbs heat slowly and releases heat slowly. The temperature rises slowly and decreases slowly.
It is the terrain. In mountains and hills, the temperature decreases with the increase of altitude. For every 100 meters of elevation, the temperature drops by 0.6 degrees. Because the ground is the main and direct heat source of the atmosphere, the higher the altitude, the lower the temperature.
Section 3 Changes and Distribution of Precipitation
changes in precipitation
Distribution of precipitation
Section 4 The climate of the world
Regional differences in climate
Distribution of world climate types
Main causes of climate change
climate and human activities