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마인드 맵 갤러리 Mind map of human society and its development laws
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Mind map of human society and its development laws
This is a mind map about human society and its development laws, including the existence and development of human society, the driving force of social and historical development, etc.
2023-11-16 10:44:09에 편집됨
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- 개요
third chapter "Human Society and the Laws of its Development"
Section 1 The existence and development of human society
1. Social existence and social consciousness
(1) Two fundamentally opposing views of history ——Historical materialism and historical idealism
1. Basic issues in the social and historical perspective: The relationship between social existence and social consciousness.
(1) A correct understanding of the relationship between social existence and social consciousness is the basis and prerequisite for scientifically grasping the laws of development of human society.
(2) The fundamental difference between historical materialism and idealism: It is advocated that social existence determines social consciousness, or social consciousness determines social existence. It is historical materialism that recognizes that social existence determines social consciousness, and it is idealist history that believes that social consciousness determines social existence.
(3) The main flaws of the idealistic view of history: ① There is no further investigation into the material motivations and economic roots behind ideological motivations, and social history is regarded as the history of spiritual development; ② Failure to understand the decisive role of the people in social and historical development.
(4) Marx scientifically solved the problem of the relationship between social existence and social consciousness and created historical materialism.
(2) Social existence
concept
Social existence refers to the material living conditions of society and the material aspect of social life.
content
It mainly includes the natural geographical environment, demographic factors and material production methods.
1. The natural geographical environment is an eternal and necessary condition for the survival and development of human society, and is the natural basis for people's life and production. The natural geographical environment and population factors have an impact and restriction on social development.
Nature includes free nature that has not been touched by human activities and humanized nature that is marked by human activities. 🥹The global crisis problems such as ecology, environment, population, and resources that are emerging in the world today are not simply caused by the serious damage to the balanced relationship within the natural system. In fact, it is also a serious imbalance in the relationship between man and nature. 🥸Marx believed that the material transformation between man and nature should be reasonably adjusted and carried out under the conditions that are most worthy of and most suitable for human nature. Engels also raised the issue of nature's "revenge on man" and the "reconciliation between man and nature". 🇨🇳 We must adhere to the concept that clear waters and lush mountains are valuable assets, respect nature, comply with nature, protect nature, and achieve harmonious coexistence between man and nature.
2. Material production methods
Material production methods are usually referred to as production methods, which refer to the way people conduct production activities to obtain material means of life. They are the unity of productivity and production relations. Material production methods are the basis and decisive force for social existence and development. ①Material production activities and production methods are the basis for the existence and development of human society and are the primary prerequisite for all other human activities. ②Material production activities and production methods determine the structure, nature and appearance of society, and restrict all social life including people's economic life, political life and spiritual life. ③The changes and development of material production activities and production methods determine the changes and development of the entire social history, and determine the replacement and development of social forms from low-level to high-level.
production methods
productive forces
(1) Labor information (Tools of production are the objective basis for distinguishing social and economic eras)
(2) Labor objects (A necessary prerequisite for actual production)
means of production
(3) Laborers (the most active factor in productivity)
Relations of production
(1) Ownership relations of production means (the most basic and decisive content)
(2) Relationships between people in production
(3) Product distribution relationship
(3) Social awareness
concept
Social consciousness is the spiritual aspect of social life and a reflection of social existence. Social consciousness has a complex structure that can be divided from different perspectives. Various forms of social consciousness reflect different aspects and ways of social existence, and therefore have different functions.
content
Social awareness
social psychology (low-level social consciousness, mainly perceptual knowledge)
People's perceptions, moods, emotions, mentality, customs, etc.
forms of social consciousness (High-level social consciousness, mainly rational understanding)
(1) Social ideology (Ideational superstructure, class-like)
Political and legal thought (core/leading), morality, art, religion, philosophy.
(2) Non-ideological forms of social consciousness (classless)
Linguistics, formal logic, natural sciences.
(4) Dialectical relationship between social existence and social consciousness
1. Social existence determines social consciousness. Social existence is the objective source of the content of social consciousness, and social consciousness is the subjective reflection of the social material life process and its conditions. Social consciousness is the product of people's social and material interactions; social consciousness is concrete and historical. As social existence develops, social consciousness changes and develops sooner or later accordingly.
2. Social consciousness depends on social existence and has its relative independence. The relative independence of social consciousness means that while social consciousness is fundamentally determined by social existence, it also has its own unique development form and development rules. Mainly manifested in: (1) Social consciousness and the development of social existence are incompletely synchronized and unbalanced; (2) There is mutual influence among various forms within social consciousness and their respective historical inheritance; (3) Social consciousness has an active reaction on social existence, which is a prominent manifestation of the relative independence of social consciousness.
(1) It is not only advanced social consciousness that can have an active reaction on social existence. Whether it is advanced or backward social consciousness, it will have a reaction on social existence, but the nature of the reaction is different (positive and negative).
(2) The active role of social consciousness is achieved by guiding people’s practical activities. Thoughts themselves cannot achieve anything. To realize thoughts, one must resort to practice. Social consciousness plays its role through the social practice of the people.
(5) The importance of the principle of the relationship between social existence and social awareness in issuing certificates
It is of great significance for us to establish a scientific view of history and correctly understand social history. It has important guiding significance for promoting social development, including social and cultural construction.
2. Basic social contradictions and their laws of movement
(I. Overview
▪️The contradiction between productivity and production relations, economic base and superstructure is the basic contradiction of human society. ▪️The laws of contradictory movements between productive forces and production relations, and the laws of contradictory movements between economic base and superstructure are the basic laws of the development of human society.
(2) The contradictory movement and laws of productivity and production relations (a basic law of the development of human society)
1. Productivity
(1) Concept
With objective reality and social history, productivity is the material basis of human social life and all history.
(2) Three elements of productivity
①The means of labor are the means of labor. The most important of these are production tools.
Production tools are an objective measure of the level of productivity development and an objective basis (material symbol) for distinguishing social and economic eras. Marx: “The difference between various economic eras lies not in what is produced, but in how it is produced and with what means of labor.”
②Work object. The means of labor and the objects of labor are collectively called the means of production.
③Labourers.
(3)Science and technology
Science and technology are important factors in productivity. In modern times, science and technology are the concentrated expression and main symbol of advanced productivity and the primary productive force.
2. Production relations
Economic relationships formed by people in the process of material production that are not subject to human will (essentially people's material interest relationships). Production relations are the most basic relations among social relations, and other relations are dominated and restricted by them.
(1) Production relations include ownership relations of production means, relationships between people in production and product distribution relations.
(2) In production relations, the ownership relationship of the means of production is the most basic and decisive aspect. The ownership relationship of the means of production is the objective basis for distinguishing different modes of production and determining the nature of the social and economic structure.
3. The relationship between productivity and production relations Productivity is the material content of production, production relations are the social form of production, and the organic unity of the two constitutes the social mode of production.
(1) Productivity determines production relations. The status of productive forces determines the nature of production relations; the development of productive forces determines the transformation of production relations.
Marx: “The hand-mill produced a society of feudal lords, while the steam mill produced a society of industrial capitalists.”
(2) Production relations have an active reaction on productivity. When production relations meet the objective requirements for the development of productivity, it will promote the development of productivity; when production relations do not meet the objective requirements for the development of productivity, it will hinder the development of productivity. The actual process and situation of the reaction of production relations on productivity are very complex. The interaction between productivity and production relations is a process, manifested as the contradictory movement of the two. The inherent, essential and inevitable connection in this contradictory movement is that the production relations must conform to the laws of the productive forces.
4. The law that production relations must adapt to the status of productive forces is a universal law in the development of social forms.
5. The important theoretical and practical significance of the principle of the contradictory movement laws of productivity and production relations
(1) This principle has completely negated in the history of human thought the ideological system that simply uses morality as the standard for judging historical merits and demerits. It has scientifically established for the first time that the development of productive forces is the "highest standard of social progress."
(2) This law is an important basis for Marxist parties to formulate lines, principles and policies. The fundamental task of socialism is to liberate and develop social productive forces.
(2) The contradictory movements and laws of the economic base and superstructure (Another basic law of the development of human society)
1. Economic basis
The sum of production relations determined by the productive forces at a certain stage of social development. To understand the connotation of economic foundation, two points must be grasped: (1) There are often multiple production relations at a certain stage of social development, but what determines the nature of a society is the dominant production relation among them. (2) Economic foundation and economic system are intrinsically linked.
2. Superstructure
concept
An ideology based on a certain economic foundation and the corresponding systems, organizations and facilities. In the entire superstructure, the political superstructure occupies a dominant position, and state power is the core of the political superstructure.
nation
The state does not always exist. It is the product of social development to a certain historical stage and the product of irreconcilable class contradictions. The essence of the state is a tool for one class to rule over another class.
content
superstructure
conceptual superstructure (i.e. social ideology)
Political and legal thought, morality, art, religion, philosophy, etc.
political superstructure (leading position)
political and legal system
National political system, legislative and judicial system and administrative system.
Political organizations and facilities
State power institutions, political parties, military, police, courts, prisons (state power is the core), etc.
3. The relationship between the economic base and the superstructure in terms of certification
(1) The economic base determines the superstructure, and the superstructure reacts on the economic base. The two influence and interact with each other.
(2) The concentrated expression of the reaction of the superstructure on the economic base: The superstructure serves the formation and consolidation of its own economic base and establishes or maintains its dominant position in society. There are two consequences of the reaction of the superstructure: when it serves the economic base that meets the requirements of productivity development, it becomes a progressive force that promotes social development; when it serves the backward economic base, it becomes a negative force that hinders social development. strength.
4. The inherent relationship between the economic base and the superstructure constitutes the law that the superstructure must be suitable for the conditions of the economic base.
In contemporary China, this law is essential for us to properly handle various interest relationships, deepen the reform of the economic system, promote the reform of the superstructure, promote the institutionalization, standardization and proceduralization of socialist democratic politics, and promote the self-improvement and self-improvement of the socialist political system. Development and so on are of great significance.
3. Universal human interaction and the formation and development of world history
(1) Communication
concept
Communication refers to an important category of historical materialism and refers to the material and spiritual exchanges, interactions, and mutual connections between individuals, groups, classes, nations, and countries under certain historical conditions. Generally speaking, communication can be divided into material communication and spiritual communication.
effect
Communication is an important part of human practical activities and has an important impact on social life: 1. Promote the development of productivity; 2. Promote the progress of social relations; 3. Promote the development and dissemination of culture; 4. Promote the all-round development of people.
(2) World History
World history refers to the history of nations and countries breaking through isolation and isolation through universal exchanges and entering into a world of interdependence and interconnectedness.
1. The development and transformation of production methods are the basis for the formation and development of world history. The development of the capitalist mode of production and the universalization of communication promoted the transformation of history into world history.
2. Universal communication is a basic feature of world history.
3. The formation and development of world history provide conditions and paths for the realization of communism.
4. Marx’s world history theory provides scientific theoretical guidance for us to observe and analyze the development of today’s world, especially the issues of globalization. The proposal of "a community with a shared future for mankind" is exactly the result of our party's review of the development trends and major issues facing the world today from the perspective of world history.
4. Social Progress and Change of Social Form
(1) Social progress and human development
1. Human beings promote social development and progress in the process of constantly transforming the world through practical activities. At the same time, human beings themselves are constantly transformed and developed, constantly realizing human development, and ultimately realizing human liberation.
2. Social progress is a general summary of the progress and development of society.
(1) Concentrated manifestations of social progress: Change of social form.
(2) Main manifestations of social progress: ①The development of social form from low level to high level; ② Development within the same social form.
(3) Social progress does not rise in a straight line, but develops in twists and turns, sometimes even including some stagnation and regression.
3. Human development
(1) Human development is a social and historical process, including both the development of human beings as a whole and the development of individual human beings.
(2) Human development refers to the development of human physical strength, intelligence, personality and communication skills, among which the most fundamental is the improvement of human freedom.
(3) The degree of human development constitutes an important symbol of social progress: Historically, every advancement in human society has led to continuous improvements in human development. Every major social progress is a necessary step for mankind to achieve complete liberation.
(4) Historical materialism starts from the intrinsic relationship between social progress and human development, and summarizes human development into three stages from low level to high level: ①The stage when human dependence is dominant (society before capitalism) ②The stage of human independence based on dependence on things (capitalist society) ③The stage of free individuality (communist society)
(5) Only in a communist society can people truly develop freely and comprehensively.
(2) General laws and special forms of social form replacement
1. The connotation of social form
It is the unity of the economic base and superstructure that is compatible with a certain stage of the development of productive forces. It includes the economic form, political form and ideology of society, and is the historical and concrete unity of the three. The economic form is the basis of the social form, and the ownership relationship of the means of production is of decisive significance. Therefore, social system is often used to refer to social form.
The economic base is the “skeletal system” of society; The superstructure is the “flesh and blood system” of society.
2. The unity and diversity of social form changes
(1) Uniformity
According to the different nature of the economic foundation, especially the production relations, social history can be divided into five social forms. The sequential replacement of the five social forms is the general process and general law of social historical movement, which reflects the unity of the replacement of social forms.
(2) Diversity
As far as the social development process of a certain country or nation is concerned, the situation is complicated. Some countries have surpassed one or even several social forms and moved forward by leaps and bounds in their development; the same social form will also show different characteristics in different countries. These all reflect the diversity of social form replacement forms.
The diversity of social form changes cannot negate the overall historical process of mankind. Some nations can achieve leapfrog, but the direction and limit of their leapover are restricted by the overall historical process.
3. Inevitability and selectivity in the replacement of social forms
(1) The unity and diversity of social form replacement are rooted in the process of unifying the inevitability of social development and people's historical selectivity.
(2) Inevitability: It mainly means that the process and laws of the sequential replacement of social forms are objective, and the basic trend of its development is unshakable. The regularity of the contradictory movement of productive forces and production relations fundamentally determines the inevitability of the replacement of social forms.
(3) People’s historical selectivity includes three meanings: ① The inevitability of social development creates the basic trend of social development in a certain historical stage, providing the basis, scope and possibility space for people's historical choices. ②The process of social form replacement is also a process of unifying subjective initiative and objective regularity. ③People’s historical selectivity is ultimately the selectivity of the people. People's historical choice of social form ultimately depends on the fundamental interests and will of the people as well as their grasp of and compliance with the laws of social development. The path of socialism with Chinese characteristics is an inevitable consequence of the historical development of Chinese society and a conscious choice of the Chinese people.
5. Civilization and its Diversity
(1) Civilization and its evolution
1. Civilization: It is the sum of all material, spiritual and institutional achievements created by human beings. It marks the degree of social progress and reflects the positive results of human social practical activities.
2. The replacement of social forms is also the replacement of civilization forms in a certain sense. Communist civilization is a brand-new civilization of mankind, and socialist civilization is its primary stage or primary form.
3. Socialism with Chinese characteristics has created a new form of human civilization. This new form of civilization inherits the genes of Chinese civilization and absorbs the beneficial achievements of world civilization. It has a new nature and characteristics of civilization, enriches the diversity of world civilization, promotes exchanges and mutual learning between different civilizations, promotes the progress of human civilization, and has It plays a leading role in the future development of human civilization.
(2) Diversity of civilizations
1. Human civilization is diverse. Whether it is ancient civilization or modern civilization, it has different manifestations in different ethnic groups. Each civilization grew up in a specific natural environment, historical background, and national tradition. It embodies a unique way of production, life, and communication. The heroes and oases that represent a culture are important components of human civilization. part.
2. Respect and protect the diversity of civilizations. There is no distinction between superior and inferior civilizations. The exchange of civilizations can transcend civilizational barriers, the mutual learning of civilizations can transcend civilizational conflicts, and the coexistence of civilizations can transcend civilizational superiority. Together, we can paint a beautiful picture of human civilization.
Section 2 The driving force of social and historical development
(1) Basic social contradictions are the fundamental driving force for social development
The role of basic social contradictions in historical development is mainly reflected in: 1. Productivity is the most basic dynamic factor in the movement of basic social contradictions and the final decisive force for the development and progress of human society. 2. The basic contradictions of society, especially the contradiction between productivity and production relations, determine the existence and development of other contradictions in society. 3. Basic social contradictions have different forms of expression and solutions, and fundamentally affect and promote the change and development of social forms.
(1) The basic contradictions of society are two pairs of contradictions, including three aspects, namely productivity, production relations and superstructure. The relations of production are the economic basis for the superstructure and the relations of production for the productive forces. The basic contradictions in society are actually the contradictions between the basic structural elements of society (economic structure, political structure and ideological structure).
(2) The principal contradiction in society is the concrete manifestation of the basic contradiction in society. In real life, basic social contradictions are often expressed through specific social contradictions, and the changes and development of various specific contradictions will cause social development to show certain stage characteristics. In the contradiction system in the process of social development, the status and role of various contradictions are unbalanced, and there is a distinction between principal contradictions and non-principal contradictions. The principal contradiction is the contradiction that plays a leading role in the social development process at a certain stage.
(3) Compared with the basic contradictions of society throughout the process of social development, the principal contradictions of society can undergo staged changes, such as the changes in the principal contradictions of our society after socialism with Chinese characteristics enters a new era.
(4) In the movement of basic contradictions in society, the contradiction between productive forces and production relations is the more basic contradiction, which determines the emergence and development of the contradiction between the economic base and the superstructure. The contradiction between the economic base and the superstructure will also affect and restrict the contradiction between productivity and production relations.
(2) Other driving forces for social development
1. Class struggle
The direct driving force for the development of class society. Class struggle is the manifestation of the basic contradictions of society in class society.
2. Revolution
The highest form of class struggle plays a huge role in social development, is "a powerful driving force for social and political progress", and is an important means and decisive link in realizing the replacement of social forms.
3. Reform
Quantitative changes and some qualitative changes in the development process of the same social form are important driving forces for social development.
4. Science and technology
It is an important force in promoting social civilization and progress. The scientific and technological revolution is a powerful lever to promote economic and social development. The scientific and technological revolution will cause profound changes in production methods, lifestyles and ways of thinking, as well as huge social progress.
Science and technology can benefit mankind by promoting economic and social development. However, the problems encountered when science and technology are applied to society are becoming more and more prominent. To correctly understand and apply science and technology, the first thing is to have a reasonable social system to ensure the correct use of science and technology, and always insist on making science and technology serve the healthy development of human society and letting science and technology benefit mankind.
5. Culture
Culture is an important force in promoting social development. In contemporary times, culture has increasingly become an important source of national rejuvenation and social development, and an important factor in the competition of comprehensive national strength.
(1) Culture has a huge impact on social development: In terms of its nature, it appears to promote or hinder the development of society; in terms of its degree, it appears to accelerate or delay the development of society.
(2) Give full play to the positive role of culture: ① Provide ideological guidance for social development. ②Provide spiritual power for social development. ③Provide cohesive force for social development.
Section 3 The role of the people in historical development
(I. Overview
The opposition between the two views of history (the materialist view of history and the idealist view of history) on the issue of the creators of history is manifested in the opposition between the mass view of history (which advocates that the masses create history) and the heroic view of history (which advocates that a few heroic figures create history). Before the emergence of Marxist philosophy, the dominant view of history was the heroic view of history. The emergence of the heroic view of history has its profound cognitive, social and historical roots and class roots. Contrary to the heroic view of history, the mass view of history believes that the creators of history are not individual heroes, but the masses of the people.
(2) Principles of historical materialism in examining the issue of historical creators
1. Grasp the creators of history based on real people and their essence (emphasis on the unity of individuals and society, requiring understanding and grasping the essence and role of certain groups and individuals from certain social relationships).
(1) People are not abstract but realistic, that is, people who engage in certain practical activities, are in certain social relationships, and have initiative based on their own needs and social needs.
(2) The essence of human being is not an abstract object inherent in a single person, but the sum of all social relations. The essential attributes of human beings are social attributes, which are manifested in various social relationships and are changing and developing rather than eternal.
Human essence is not something that is inherent in a single person, nor is it a commonality abstracted from all individual people. Real people are always in specific historical conditions and specific social relations, especially economic relations. People with different social relationships have different essences, which is the fundamental content of human nature. Therefore, human nature is concrete, changing, and developing.
2. Explore who is the creator of history based on the overall social and historical process.
3. Start with the inevitability of social and historical development to examine and explain who is the creator of history.
4. Examine who is the creator of history from the three different levels of the relationship between humans and history (human beings and history, groups and history, individuals and history).
(3) The decisive role of the people in the process of creating history
1. The masses of the people: from a qualitative point of view, it refers to all people who play a role in promoting the development of social history; from a quantitative point of view, it refers to the vast majority of the social population. In different historical periods, the masses of the people have different contents, but the most stable main part is always the working people engaged in the production of material materials.
The masses of the people are a historical category that, in certain historical periods, include certain exploiting classes, such as the national bourgeoisie during our country's democratic revolution and the early days of the founding of New China.
2. The people play a decisive role in creating history: The people are the creators of social material wealth; they are the creators of social spiritual wealth; they are the decisive force for social change.
3. The people’s history-making activities are restricted by certain social and historical conditions. These conditions include economic conditions (primary and decisive influence), political conditions (direct influence) and spiritual and cultural conditions (important factors).
(1) Historical materialism’s principle that the people are the creators of history requires us to adhere to the Marxist mass perspective and implement the party’s mass line (the mass line is the specific application of the mass perspective).
(2) The main content of the masses’ opinions: We firmly believe in the idea that the people liberate themselves, the idea of serving the people wholeheartedly, the idea of being responsible to the people in everything, and the idea of humbly learning from the masses.
(3) Basic contents of the mass line: Everything is for the masses, everything relies on the masses, comes from the masses, and goes to the masses.
(4) Note: ① The creators of history are of course participants in history, but participants in history are not necessarily the creators of history. ② "People create their own history" is not "everyone creates history". The former formulation is correct. This is to draw a clear line from the idealistic view of history such as God creating history, ideas creating history and superman creating history. The latter formulation is wrong, because among "everyone", there are both forces that push and promote the development of social history, and forces that hinder the advancement of history. Only those who represent the former force are the creators of history, and others At best, they can only be regarded as participants in history.
(4) Personal historical role
1. There are differences in the role of individuals in history. Some people have a greater role and can be called "historical figures"; some people have a smaller role and can be called "ordinary individuals". Historical figures are the main advocates of certain historical events, organizational leaders, or important representatives of ideological theory, science and culture. The nature of the role of historical figures depends on whether their thoughts and actions conform to the laws of social development and the wishes of the people.
(1) No matter what role historical figures play in history, they are restricted by the objective laws of social development and cannot determine or change the overall process and direction of historical development.
(2) The emergence of historical figures reflects the unity of necessity and contingency.
2. Outstanding figures are historical figures who have made important contributions or played an important role in promoting historical development. Historical figures, especially outstanding figures, play a special role in the development of society.
3. Proletarian leaders are different from outstanding figures in previous history because they represent the most revolutionary and advanced class in history, and they have played a major role in revolution and construction.
When evaluating historical figures, including proletarian leaders, we should adhere to historical analysis methods and class analysis methods.
(5) Relationship between the masses, classes, political parties and leaders
The masses, classes, political parties and leaders are an organic whole: the masses are divided into classes; classes are usually led by political parties; political parties are presided over by leaders. They should not be separated at any time. We must adhere to the "two establishments" and achieve the "two safeguards."