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Галерея диаграмм связей Cell, tissue adaptation and damage
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Cell, tissue adaptation and damage
Pathology, when cells and tissues face stimulation from the internal and external environment, they try to adapt to these changes, but when the stimulation exceeds their ability to withstand, damage occurs.
Отредактировано в 2024-03-06 20:47:51
Cell, tissue adaptation and damage
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Cell, tissue adaptation and damage
Cell and tissue damage
The concept of damage: damage to the structure and function of cells and tissues caused by the inability of cells and tissues to withstand stimulation by harmful factors
Classification of injuries
transsexual
Cellular edema (water degeneration)
Turbidity, swelling, and granular changes
Increased water content, swollen cells, loose and lightly stained cytoplasm, vacuoles and fine particles
Steatosis
Increased lipid accumulation in non-adipocytes
A large number of lipid droplets and vacuoles with neat edges in the cytoplasm
hyalinization
Intracellular hyalinization: round red-stained droplets
Hyalinization of connective tissue: lamellar beam-like, homogeneous red staining
Hyalinization of blood vessel walls (arteriosclerosis): thickening and uniform red staining
amyloidosis
Accumulation of protein-mucopolysaccharide complexes in the interstitium and amyloid color reaction
Starch Iodine=tan
Myxoid change
Accumulation of mucopolysaccharides and proteins in the body
The interstitium becomes loose and has a light blue myxoid matrix.
pathological pigmentation
hemosiderin
lipofuscin
melanin
pathological calcification
dystrophic calcification
metastatic calcification
cell death
Necrosis
Localized cell death of varying scope in vivo, the plasma membrane of dead cells disintegrates, the structure autolyzes, and triggers an inflammatory response
Identification of necrosis
nuclear
nuclear pyknosis
nuclear fragmentation
nuclear lysis
cytoplasm
Red staining, cell membrane rupture, cell disintegration
Type of necrosis
coagulative necrosis
Features: The nucleus disappears, but the outline of the tissue structure remains.
Parts: heart, liver, spleen, kidney
Mechanism: local acidosis, protein denaturation, cytoplasmic coagulation
liquefaction necrosis
Features: Dissolve and liquefy, forming softening focus or necrotic cavity
Location: pancreas, brain
Mechanism: Enzymatic dissolution
fibroid necrosis
Characteristic degeneration of connective tissue disease and acute hypertension
caseous necrosis
The necrotic tissue is completely disintegrated, contains lipids, is white or yellowish, delicate, and looks like cheese.
structure-specific lesions
gangrene
dry gangrene
Location: End of limbs
Characteristics: Drier, black, less infected, clear borders
Mechanism: water evaporates, arteries are blocked, and static flow becomes smooth.
wet gangrene
Site: Internal organs, intestines, gallbladder, uterus, lungs
Characteristics: high water content, severe infection, unclear boundaries, and dirty black color
Mechanism: Water is not easy to evaporate, arteries are blocked, and veins are stagnant.
gas gangrene
Site: Deep in open wound
Characteristics: Gas-containing, honeycomb-like, severe infection, systemic poisoning
Mechanism: Clostridium perfringens, anaerobic bacterial infection
Necrotic ending
Dissolution and absorption: autolysis, lymphatic and vascular absorption and phagocytosis
Separation and discharge: formation of defects and cavities
erosion
ulcer
Dou Dao
fistula
Mechanization
pack
Calcification
apoptosis
The death of a single cell or a small group of cells in vivo. The plasma membrane of the dead cells does not rupture, does not trigger autolysis, and does not cause an acute inflammatory reaction.
Cell and tissue adaptations
The concept of adaptation: the non-damaging response of cells and tissues to the stimulation of harmful factors in the internal and external environment
Adaptive expression
shrink
The reduction in size of normally developing organs and tissues may be accompanied by a reduction in the number of parenchymal cells and their metabolism and function
Classification
Maltrophic atrophy: insufficient intake, excessive consumption
Ischemic atrophy: narrowing of brain gyri and widening of brain sulci
Compressive atrophy: hydronephrosis, extreme dilation of the renal pelvis, and extremely thin renal parenchyma
Denervated atrophy: poliomyelitis
Disuse atrophy: osteoporosis, fractures
endocrine atrophy: uterine atrophy
Fat
Increased metabolism and functional enhancement of cells, tissues and organs
hypertrophy type
compensatory hypertrophy
endocrine hypertrophy
hyperplasia
Increased parenchymal cells, which may be accompanied by cellular hypertrophy
type
compensatory hyperplasia
endocrine hyperplasia
Metaplasia
The process of transforming one differentiated and mature tissue into another differentiated and mature tissue
type
Squamous metaplasia
intestinal metaplasia