objectivity

subjectivity

The first character is the genus name of the animal

The last word is the species name of the animal.

(Add the subspecies name after the species name)

Attach the last name of the original celebrity

Chlorophyll (chromosomes) uses light energy to perform photosynthesis under light conditions, converting carbon dioxide and water into sugars

Parastarch granules (cannot react with iodine to produce blue color)

Under no light conditions, the body surface absorbs organic matter dissolved in water

Swallowing solid food particles or smiling creatures

Sarcopodia

effect

Food bubbles combine with lysosomes and are digested intracellularly by hydrolases contained in lysosomes

Asexual reproduction, producing a large number of individuals in a short period of time

The nucleus first divides several times to form multiple nuclei and then splits to form multiple new individuals.

motor organelle

photosynthesis

penetration

Devour

In light conditions, oxygen produced by photosynthesis is used for respiration.

Under no light conditions, absorb oxygen from water through the body surface

Excretion, amoeba

Paramecium: discharge from surface membrane pores

Euglena: discharge from the cell mouth

asexual reproduction

sexual reproduction

Flagellates

Sarcopodia

Spore class

film

flagellum

Eyespot

telescopic bubble

cell mouth

motor organelle

nutritional approach

reproduction

Pseudopodium

Pseudopodia are motor organelles with functions of movement and feeding.

There is no tough membrane on the body surface, only a very thin cytoplasmic membrane

Binary fission reproduction, some species have sexual reproduction

Kougou

Telescopic bubble/collection tube

Stinging bubble

anal point

reproduction

Lives in fresh water or fresh water and is also parasitic

Plasmodium

Leishmania

Entamoeba dysenteriae

Small melon insect

Trichodyne

System development history

individual development history

Central content: Ontogeny is a brief and rapid recapitulation of phylogeny.

Relevant facts presented

Through proliferation, growth and maturity phases

Fertilization and fertilized egg

cleavage

blastocyst formation

gastrula formation

Formation of mesoderm and body cavity

Germ layer differentiation and organ building

Depending on where the embryo develops, where nutrients come from and how the larvae are produced

According to the morphological characteristics and lifestyle of larvae and the differences from adults

During the ontogeny of an organism, the main developmental stages of its ancestors are reproduced in sequence, It is an important basis for biological evolution

It can be proven that multicellular animals originated from unicellular animals

It is very important to understand the genetic relationships and development clues of various animal groups.

attach

fixed

Mainly feeds on organic matter particles

structure

subtopic

stellate cells

During the bicystic larvae, the very small plant cells with flagella are invaginated to form the inner layer; the large cells of the animal pole at the other end remain outside to form the outer layer. This process is called "reversal", which is similar to that of other multicellular animals. The formation of the intestinal lumen is exactly the opposite.

Have a certain body shape and radial symmetry

Form various asymmetrical body shapes

Made up of two layers of cells, with mesoglea between the two layers of cells

body surface

. Multicellular, without any germ layer, no clear tissues, and no differentiation of organs or systems. The body is composed of two layers of cells, the outer layer is called the cortex, the inner layer is called the gastric layer, and the mesoglea layer is between the two layers of cells.

a. The cortex is composed of a single layer of flat cells, some of which are specialized into tubular pore cells. The pore cells can shrink to control the size of the water flow.

b. The stomach layer is composed of collar cells, which have a flagellum on their cytoplasmic protrusion (called the "collar") that guides the inflow of water carrying food.

c. The mesoglea is a colloid layer, which contains sponge filaments and bone spicules for support, as well as astrocytes for nerve conduction.

2. The body shape is asymmetrical and the appearance is diverse, including block, ball, tube, etc.

3. It has a ditch system, which is of great significance to sessile life. There are many small holes on the body surface, and water supply flows in and out. The water flow can bring nutrients and take away metabolic waste. The ditch system of porous animals can be divided into three types:

Calcium

six releases

common

Coelenterates are the beginning of the true metazoans and they occupy an important place in the evolutionary process through which all other metazoans develop. They have advanced characteristics compared to sponges, primitive and low-end characteristics compared with other metazoans, and characteristics of adapting to the external environment.

Compared with sponges, its advanced features are:

(1) From asymmetry to radiative symmetry;

(2) From unorganized differentiation to organized differentiation, cutaneous muscle cells, neural networks, etc. appeared;

(3) The body changes from two layers of cells to two germ layers, and a digestive and circulatory cavity appears. The digestive circulation cavity is different from the central cavity of sponges and has digestion and circulation functions.

Compared with other metazoans, coelenterates show many primitive aspects in morphological structure and physiological functions, such as:

(1) The radially symmetrical body shape of coelenterates is only a primitive low-level symmetry form, because this symmetry can only be divided into upper and lower parts, without distinction between front and rear, dorsal and ventral, and is only suitable for a fixed or floating life in the water.

(2) The digestive system has a mouth but no anus. The mouth is the original mouth during embryonic development, which shows that coelenterates are equivalent to the gastrula stage.

(3) Epithelial muscle cells belong to both epithelium and muscle, indicating that epithelium and muscle are not separated, which is a primitive phenomenon.

(4) The nerve network of coelenterates is the most primitive reticular nervous system. Because there is no nerve center, nerve conduction has no direction and the conduction speed is very slow.

(1) Coelenterates have stinging cells, which are special cells unique to coelenterates and are found all over the body surface.

(2) Coelenterates have two basic forms, namely the polyp type and the jellyfish type, which are adapted to different lives. The polyp type is adapted to a fixed life, and the jellyfish type is adapted to a floating life. But their basic structure is the same, they are composed of cells of two germ layers, radially symmetrical, with tentacles, stinging cells, mouth, digestive and circulation cavity, oral surface and anti-oral surface.

Comparison of hydra type and jellyfish type

absorb nutrient

first section

neck segment

immature proglottids

mature proglottids

Pregnancy tablets

digestive cells

apical process

Managed

Cross tube

pronephric casts

reproductive system

Parasitic in human small intestine

Pregnant egg segment

Pig, intermediate host, muscle, cysticerci (pork

Definitive host (small intestine, adult worm)

All parasitic

Ribbon has

Digestive system completely disappears

The reproductive system is highly developed

suction cup

small hook

cortex

Digestion

Related to the evolution of the host

Parasite adaptations to parasitic life

Uptake of host tissue or nutrients

mechanical damage

chemical effects

Create conditions for infection by other pathogens

host

Intermediate host

terminal host

human roundworm

muscle

body cavity fluid

trapezoid level

Underdeveloped senses

subtopic

dioecy

Simple straight tube divided into foregut, midgut and hindgut

tubular excretory system

There are microvilli in the intestinal lumen (to promote absorption)

Mouth, pharynx, intestine, anus

terminal cell method

959 hermaphrodites, 2000 germ cells

Male 1031 cells 1000 germ cells

programmed cell death

direct development

parasitic site

The eggs are excreted in the feces

route of infection

Infectious insect state: larvae eggs that molt once

Main features