心智圖資源庫 神經系統
神經系統心智圖,神經系統主要由神經組織組成,分為中樞神經系統和周邊神經系統兩大部分。主要功能是調節和控制人體的生理活動,使人體成為一個有機的整體。
編輯於2024-11-22 20:39:26Rumi: 10 dimensions of spiritual awakening. When you stop looking for yourself, you will find the entire universe because what you are looking for is also looking for you. Anything you do persevere every day can open a door to the depths of your spirit. In silence, I slipped into the secret realm, and I enjoyed everything to observe the magic around me, and didn't make any noise. Why do you like to crawl when you are born with wings? The soul has its own ears and can hear things that the mind cannot understand. Seek inward for the answer to everything, everything in the universe is in you. Lovers do not end up meeting somewhere, and there is no parting in this world. A wound is where light enters your heart.
Chronic heart failure is not just a problem of the speed of heart rate! It is caused by the decrease in myocardial contraction and diastolic function, which leads to insufficient cardiac output, which in turn causes congestion in the pulmonary circulation and congestion in the systemic circulation. From causes, inducement to compensation mechanisms, the pathophysiological processes of heart failure are complex and diverse. By controlling edema, reducing the heart's front and afterload, improving cardiac comfort function, and preventing and treating basic causes, we can effectively respond to this challenge. Only by understanding the mechanisms and clinical manifestations of heart failure and mastering prevention and treatment strategies can we better protect heart health.
Ischemia-reperfusion injury is a phenomenon that cellular function and metabolic disorders and structural damage will worsen after organs or tissues restore blood supply. Its main mechanisms include increased free radical generation, calcium overload, and the role of microvascular and leukocytes. The heart and brain are common damaged organs, manifested as changes in myocardial metabolism and ultrastructural changes, decreased cardiac function, etc. Prevention and control measures include removing free radicals, reducing calcium overload, improving metabolism and controlling reperfusion conditions, such as low sodium, low temperature, low pressure, etc. Understanding these mechanisms can help develop effective treatment options and alleviate ischemic injury.
Rumi: 10 dimensions of spiritual awakening. When you stop looking for yourself, you will find the entire universe because what you are looking for is also looking for you. Anything you do persevere every day can open a door to the depths of your spirit. In silence, I slipped into the secret realm, and I enjoyed everything to observe the magic around me, and didn't make any noise. Why do you like to crawl when you are born with wings? The soul has its own ears and can hear things that the mind cannot understand. Seek inward for the answer to everything, everything in the universe is in you. Lovers do not end up meeting somewhere, and there is no parting in this world. A wound is where light enters your heart.
Chronic heart failure is not just a problem of the speed of heart rate! It is caused by the decrease in myocardial contraction and diastolic function, which leads to insufficient cardiac output, which in turn causes congestion in the pulmonary circulation and congestion in the systemic circulation. From causes, inducement to compensation mechanisms, the pathophysiological processes of heart failure are complex and diverse. By controlling edema, reducing the heart's front and afterload, improving cardiac comfort function, and preventing and treating basic causes, we can effectively respond to this challenge. Only by understanding the mechanisms and clinical manifestations of heart failure and mastering prevention and treatment strategies can we better protect heart health.
Ischemia-reperfusion injury is a phenomenon that cellular function and metabolic disorders and structural damage will worsen after organs or tissues restore blood supply. Its main mechanisms include increased free radical generation, calcium overload, and the role of microvascular and leukocytes. The heart and brain are common damaged organs, manifested as changes in myocardial metabolism and ultrastructural changes, decreased cardiac function, etc. Prevention and control measures include removing free radicals, reducing calcium overload, improving metabolism and controlling reperfusion conditions, such as low sodium, low temperature, low pressure, etc. Understanding these mechanisms can help develop effective treatment options and alleviate ischemic injury.
神經系統
中樞神經系統
腦
端腦(大腦)
外形
三溝
中央溝、大腦外側溝、頂枕溝
五葉
額葉、頂葉、顳葉、枕葉、島葉
內部結構
側腦室
大腦皮質
組成
錐體體系
皮質脊髓束
皮質核束
錐體束損傷、肌張力增高
錐體外系
皮質-腦橋-小腦通路
皮質-紋狀體
小腦、紋狀體受損,肌張力失調
功能
軀體運動中樞
軀體感覺中樞
視覺中樞
聽覺中樞
嗅覺中樞
味覺中樞
平衡中樞
語言中樞
基底核
尾狀核
豆狀核
屏狀核
杏仁體
間腦
背側丘腦
丘腦枕
內髓板:板內核
後丘腦
內側膝狀體
外側膝狀體
上視丘
底丘腦
下視丘
體溫、水鹽平衡、內分泌、攝食、生殖中樞
小腦
古小腦(前庭小腦)
維持平衡
舊小腦(脊髓小腦)
舊小腦前葉區域,透過腦幹網狀結構的易化區和抑制區實現對肌緊張的易化和抑制
新小腦(皮質小腦)
精細動作
協調肌群
腦幹
中腦
眼球、臉部肌肉、身體姿勢、隨意運動
腦橋
調節控制睡眠
延髓
調節呼吸、血液循環、消化
生命中樞
脊髓
結構
灰質
灰質結核
中央管
前角:運動神經元
中間帶:側角細胞,內臟運動神經元
後角:感覺神經元
小兒灰質板層
白質
固有束
上行纖維束
薄束和楔束:後索,精細觸覺
脊髓丘腦束
脊髓丘腦前束:前索
脊髓丘腦側束:外側索
脊髓小腦束
脊髓小腦前束
脊髓小腦後束
下行纖維束
皮質脊髓束
皮質脊髓前束:前索
皮質脊髓側束:外側索
紅核脊髓束
前庭脊髓束
網狀脊髓束
中央管
功能
軀體反射
淺反射
深層反射
牽張反射
受腦幹調節
分類
腱反射
肌肉緊張
內臟反射
週邊神經系統
根據連接部位
腦神經(12對)
一嗅二視三動眼 四滑五叉六外展 七面八聽九舌咽 迷走副舌下
脊椎神經(31對)
頸8 胸12 腰5 骶5 尾1
根據分佈範圍
軀體神經
軀體感覺神經
軀體運動神經
內臟神經
內臟感覺神經
內臟運動神經
交感神經
交感神經節
椎旁節
椎前節
交感乾
副交感神經
由以下部位發出
動眼神經副核
上、下泌涎核
迷走神經背核
薦副神經核
傳導通路
感覺(上行)傳導通路
本體感覺傳導路徑(深感覺)
頭部臉部
軀幹、四肢
第一級神經元:脊椎神經節
第二級神經元;薄束核、楔束核
第三級神經元:腹後外側核
痛溫覺、粗觸覺、壓覺傳導路徑(淺感覺)
頭部臉部
軀幹、四肢
視覺傳導通路
運動(下行)傳導通路
椎體系
皮質脊髓束
皮質核束
椎體外系
皮質-腦橋-小腦通路
皮質-紋狀體通路
神經衝動
靜止到活躍
靜止電位:內負外正
動作電位:內正外負
全或無法則
組成
神經元
神經系統的結構與基本功能單位
結構
樹突
整合神經衝動
軸突
接收神經衝動
胞體
傳出神經衝動
分類
按神經元突起的數量
多極神經元
雙極神經元
假單極神經元
按神經元的功能
感覺神經元(傳入神經元)
運動神經元(傳出神經元)
中間神經元
按神經元軸突的長短
按神經元釋放的神經傳導物質和神經傳導物質的化學性質
神經膠質細胞
功能
支援、營養、絕緣、保護、修復
中樞神經系統
星狀細胞
血腦屏障
少突膠質細胞
髓鞘
小膠質細胞
吞噬作用
試管膜細胞
腦脊髓液
週邊神經系統
施萬細胞
衛星細胞
突觸
化學突觸
突觸前成分(突觸小體)
突觸間隙
突觸後成分
電突觸