心智圖資源庫 第二章 社會工作發展史
這是一篇關於第二章 社會工作發展史的心智圖,主要內容包括:我國社會工作的歷史與發展,專業社會工作的產生與發展,社會工作的歷史起源。
編輯於2024-11-27 11:25:30Rumi: 10 dimensions of spiritual awakening. When you stop looking for yourself, you will find the entire universe because what you are looking for is also looking for you. Anything you do persevere every day can open a door to the depths of your spirit. In silence, I slipped into the secret realm, and I enjoyed everything to observe the magic around me, and didn't make any noise. Why do you like to crawl when you are born with wings? The soul has its own ears and can hear things that the mind cannot understand. Seek inward for the answer to everything, everything in the universe is in you. Lovers do not end up meeting somewhere, and there is no parting in this world. A wound is where light enters your heart.
Chronic heart failure is not just a problem of the speed of heart rate! It is caused by the decrease in myocardial contraction and diastolic function, which leads to insufficient cardiac output, which in turn causes congestion in the pulmonary circulation and congestion in the systemic circulation. From causes, inducement to compensation mechanisms, the pathophysiological processes of heart failure are complex and diverse. By controlling edema, reducing the heart's front and afterload, improving cardiac comfort function, and preventing and treating basic causes, we can effectively respond to this challenge. Only by understanding the mechanisms and clinical manifestations of heart failure and mastering prevention and treatment strategies can we better protect heart health.
Ischemia-reperfusion injury is a phenomenon that cellular function and metabolic disorders and structural damage will worsen after organs or tissues restore blood supply. Its main mechanisms include increased free radical generation, calcium overload, and the role of microvascular and leukocytes. The heart and brain are common damaged organs, manifested as changes in myocardial metabolism and ultrastructural changes, decreased cardiac function, etc. Prevention and control measures include removing free radicals, reducing calcium overload, improving metabolism and controlling reperfusion conditions, such as low sodium, low temperature, low pressure, etc. Understanding these mechanisms can help develop effective treatment options and alleviate ischemic injury.
Rumi: 10 dimensions of spiritual awakening. When you stop looking for yourself, you will find the entire universe because what you are looking for is also looking for you. Anything you do persevere every day can open a door to the depths of your spirit. In silence, I slipped into the secret realm, and I enjoyed everything to observe the magic around me, and didn't make any noise. Why do you like to crawl when you are born with wings? The soul has its own ears and can hear things that the mind cannot understand. Seek inward for the answer to everything, everything in the universe is in you. Lovers do not end up meeting somewhere, and there is no parting in this world. A wound is where light enters your heart.
Chronic heart failure is not just a problem of the speed of heart rate! It is caused by the decrease in myocardial contraction and diastolic function, which leads to insufficient cardiac output, which in turn causes congestion in the pulmonary circulation and congestion in the systemic circulation. From causes, inducement to compensation mechanisms, the pathophysiological processes of heart failure are complex and diverse. By controlling edema, reducing the heart's front and afterload, improving cardiac comfort function, and preventing and treating basic causes, we can effectively respond to this challenge. Only by understanding the mechanisms and clinical manifestations of heart failure and mastering prevention and treatment strategies can we better protect heart health.
Ischemia-reperfusion injury is a phenomenon that cellular function and metabolic disorders and structural damage will worsen after organs or tissues restore blood supply. Its main mechanisms include increased free radical generation, calcium overload, and the role of microvascular and leukocytes. The heart and brain are common damaged organs, manifested as changes in myocardial metabolism and ultrastructural changes, decreased cardiac function, etc. Prevention and control measures include removing free radicals, reducing calcium overload, improving metabolism and controlling reperfusion conditions, such as low sodium, low temperature, low pressure, etc. Understanding these mechanisms can help develop effective treatment options and alleviate ischemic injury.
第二章 社會工作發展史
1. 社會工作的歷史起源
1. 歐美社會工作所產生的社會背景
1. 古希臘、時期的思想
萌生了社會工作價值所強調的保障公民權利的觀念
2. 基督教教義的博愛思想
成為了現代社會工作產生的直接思想根源
3. 人道主義價值觀念
1. 以人為本原則
2. 自由平等原則
3. 自我實現原則
4. 博愛原則
5. 社會正義原則
成為了現代社會工作產生的最直接的原因
4. 英國工業革命
1. 社會分化為兩個對立階段
2. 社會衝突加劇
3. 社會關係日益理想化、異質化
出現了貧窮和階級分化,產生了社會問題
2. 社會工作的出現
1. 英國伊莉莎白濟貧法1601年
1. 顯示了政府對無力自供者的救濟義務
2. 確立了政府主導的公共救濟方式
3. 成為了其他各國社會救助的參考依據
2. 德國漢堡制1788年/愛爾伯福制1852年
分區分段,設立監察員與賑濟員
特點
分級管理
分類救助
救人自救
以工代賑
3. 英美的慈善組織會社1869年
「友善訪客「的出現、成立中央管理與聯繫機構
4. 英美的睦鄰組織運動
1. 標誌
1884巴涅特“湯因比館”
2. 特點
設立貧民區,自有宿舍,工作人員進行同住
沒計劃,視需要開展工作
盡量發動當地人進行互助工作
加強來往交流,促成文化中心
5. 現代保障制度成立
1. 德國1883年建立第一個社會保障制度
2. 英國威廉貝弗里奇爵士成為“福利國家之父”
3. 英國成為世界第一個福利國家
2. 專業社會工作的產生與發展
1. 專業社會工作的產生
1. 專業社會工作的時代背景
1. 服務缺乏專業化和服務水平
2. 受薪工作的出現
2. 社會工作專業教育的出現
1. 1893年濟貧院建立「慈善訓練」學校
2. 1904年紐約社會工作學院成立
3. 1915年亞伯拉罕菲萊克斯納發表《社會工作是專業? 》
社會工作還沒有形成系統的科學知識來作為實踐的基礎
一個專業應具有一套系統來支持其理論體系
他已經被廣泛認可
有專業權威
有職業倫理
職業群體形成文化
3. 專業社會工作的誕生
1917年瑪麗《社會診斷》
標誌著專業社會工作誕生
4. 社會工作專業組織建立
1917年美國社會工作者交流組織發展為協會
2. 專業化社會工作的發展
1. 專業特質以及社會工作的專業化
格林伍德1957年《專業屬性》
2. 專業方法和理論的發展
3. 專業培訓和正規教育發展
維娜W貝姆1950將社會工作專業課程化
4. 社會工作專業組織的發展
1919年美國專業社會工作訓練學院成立
3. 我國社會工作的歷史與發展
1. 古代的福利思想與實踐
1. 古代思想:孔子“天下為公”墨子“兼愛非攻”
2. 古代實踐
1. 保息六政
1. 慈幼
2. 養老
3. 趙窮
4. 卹貧
5. 寬疾
6. 安富
2. 荒政十二
3. 九慧之教
4. 倉儲後備
1. 常平倉(漢宣帝)
2. 義倉(隋文帝)
3. 社倉(宋朝朱熹《社倉法》)
2. 近現代的發展
1. 20C30S梁漱溟鄉村建設運動,農村的貧、愚、私、弱轉變成問、智、公、強,中國社區組織的開端
2. 1925年燕京大學建立社會學與社會服務系,可視為我國社會工作專業發展的重要標誌
3. 1938成立了趙濟委員會,1940改為行政院社會部
4. 1987年確立了學科地位
5. 2010年開始招收第一批MSW碩士