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Galleria mappe mentale Systemic anatomy respiratory system
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Systemic anatomy respiratory system
This is a mind map about the respiratory system of systemic anatomy. The main functions of the respiratory system are gas exchange, pronunciation, smell, and assisting the return of venous blood to the heart.
Modificato alle 2023-11-01 15:12:20
Systemic anatomy respiratory system
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respiratory system
Summary
composition
respiratory tract
Upper respiratory tract
nose
pharynx
throat
lower respiratory tract
trachea
Bronchial tubes at all levels
lung
lung parenchyma
bronchial tree
Alveoli
pulmonary interstitium
Connective tissue, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, nerves, etc.
Function
Gas exchange, pronunciation, sense of smell, assisting venous blood return to the heart, etc.
Nose: the beginning of the respiratory tract
external nose
root of nose
dorsum of nose
tip of the nose
nostril
nasal cavity
The nasal cavity is divided into left and right cavities by the nasal septum
Each side of the nasal cavity is bounded by the nasal threshold
nasal vestibule
proper nasal cavity
olfactory area
The mucous membrane covering the upper turbinate and the corresponding part above the nasal septum contains olfactory cells that can sense the stimulation of odors.
breathing zone
nasal threshold
It is the boundary that distinguishes skin and mucous membranes
Narrow at the top, wide at the bottom, long and narrow at the front and back
The anterior and lower part of the nasal septum is rich in blood vessels and superficially located.
prone to bleeding areas
three turbinates
superior turbinate
sphenoethmoidal recess
middle turbinate
Ehmoid bleb: above the foramen semilunaris
inferior turbinate
Anterior and superior: nasolacrimal duct
paranasal sinuses
frontal sinus
Open into middle meatus
ethmoid sinus
anterior ethmoid sinus
middle ethmoid sinus
Open into middle meatus
posterior ethmoid sinus
Opens into superior nasal passage
sphenoid sinus
Open into the left and right sphenoethmoidal recesses
maxillary sinus
Opening into the hiatus semilunaris in the middle meatus
Larynx: breathing/sounding tube
Location
The upper limit is the lower edge of the epiglottis, and the lower limit is the upper edge of the cricoid cartilage.
The larynx orifice is connected to the larynx and pharynx, and the cricoid cartilage and tracheal ligament are connected to the trachea.
Anterior cervical vertebrae 3-6
composition
laryngeal cartilage
Thyroid cartilage
superior notch
cricoid cartilage
Level with the 6th cervical vertebra (the only complete cartilage ring in the respiratory tract)
epiglottis cartilage
shaped like leaves
arytenoid cartilage
One pair, vocal cord process, muscle process
throat connection
thyrohyoid membrane
cricothyroid joint
cricoarytenoid joint
square membrane
elastic cone
cricoid tracheal ligament
laryngeal muscles
Overview
The motor organ of articulation, striated muscles
composition
external laryngeal muscles
cricothyroid muscle
raise or lower the larynx
Internal laryngeal muscles/laryngeal muscles
posterior cricoarytenoid muscle
cricoarytenoid muscle
thyroarytenoid muscle
arytenoid muscle
Tightening or relaxing of the vocal cords, narrowing or opening of the cleft of the larynx, and narrowing of the larynx
laryngeal cavity
Throat
laryngeal vestibule
vestibular folds
vestibular cleft
vocal folds
cleft glottis
The glottis cleft is the narrowest part of the larynx and the narrowest part of the upper respiratory tract.
middle cavity of larynx
subglottic cavity
trachea and bronchi
trachea
Location
The upper end is connected to the lower edge of the cricoid cartilage
Flat against the 6th cervical vertebra
to the left and right main bronchi at the square of the sternal angle, and the bifurcation is called the tracheal bifurcation
Lower edge of 4th thoracic vertebra
composition
The trachea and main bronchi are the ventilation ducts connecting the larynx and lungs. They are composed of some C-shaped tracheal cartilages connected by ligaments.
Mucous membrane
tracheal cartilage
It consists of 14-17 C-shaped notched hyaline cartilage rings backwards.
smooth muscle
connective tissue
tracheostomy
Performed at the 3rd to 5th tracheal cartilage ring (2nd to 4th tracheal cartilage is crossed by the thyroid cartilage isthmus)
tracheal bifurcation
tracheal bifurcation
tracheal carina
Sagittal upward bulge
Signs to determine tracheal bifurcation during bronchoscopy
bronchi
left main bronchus
Tracheal bifurcation and left hilum ventilation duct
Slender, running horizontally
7-8 cartilage rings
right main bronchus
Foreign objects that fall through the trachea enter here
Tracheal bifurcation and ventilation duct of right hilum
Short and thick, running vertically, foreign bodies in the trachea often fall into the right main bronchus
3-4 cartilage rings
lung
Location
One on each side, located in the chest, above the diaphragm, on both sides of the mediastinum
form
left lung
long and narrow
Cardiac notch (there is an obvious depression in the lower part of the front edge of the left lung)
oblique crack
From the posterior superior aspect of the lung hilum to the anterior inferior aspect
Divided into upper and lower leaves
right lung
Width and short
Oblique fissure, horizontal fissure of right lung
Divided into upper, middle and lower leaves
A sharp point
apex of lung
bottom
lung base
both sides
Costal surface (the outer surface of the lung adjacent to the ribs and intercostal muscles)
mediastinal surface
Hilum (the inner side of the lung facing the mediastinum, with a depression near the center)
The hilus is the site where the main bronchus, pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein, bronchial blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerves enter and exit the lungs
Lung root (the structure leading to and from the hilum of the lung surrounded by connective tissue)
next door
cardiac notch
Left lung uvula
Three fates
trachea
bronchi
left and right main bronchi
Air guide part
lobar bronchi
segmental bronchus
small bronchi
Bronchioles
terminal bronchioles
respiratory department
respiratory bronchioles
alveolar ducts
Alveolar sacs
Alveoli
Bronchopulmonary segments (branches of the bronchi in each lung segment)
Blood supply to bronchi and lung segments
pulmonary artery
pulmonary veins
bronchial artery
bronchial veins
pleura
parietal pleura
costal pleura
diaphragm pleura
mediastinal pleura
pleural roof
visceral pleura
The two merge below the root of the lung
Forms a triangular fold: pulmonary ligament
Pleural cavity (visceral pleura and parietal pleura migrate to each other at the root of the lung, forming a potentially closed space)
One on the left and one on the left, not connected to each other, with negative pressure and containing a small amount of slurry.
pleural recess
Costophrenic recess (a deep semi-annular space formed at the turning point between the costal pleura and the diaphragmatic pleura. During deep breathing, the lower edge of the lung cannot penetrate deep into it)
cost mediastinal recess
diaphragmatic mediastinal recess
Body surface projection of pleura and lungs
Anterior pleural boundary body surface projection
8, 10, 11, 12
body surface projection of lungs
midclavicular line
rib 6
Midaxillary line
8th rib
scapular line
rib 10
posterior midline
spinous process of 10th thoracic vertebra
mediastinum
definition
General name for all trachea and tissues between the two sides of the mediastinum
form
Left side, narrow at the top and wide at the bottom, short in front and long in back, in sagittal position
superior mediastinum
The upper part is the thoracic opening, and the lower part is the sternal angle to the lower edge of the fourth thoracic vertebral body.
The front is the manubrium of the sternum, and the back is the bodies of thoracic vertebrae 1-4.
inferior mediastinum
pericardium as boundary
anterior mediastinum
Between the body of the sternum and the pericardium
Thymoma, dermoid tumors, and lymphoma are common
middle mediastinum
Heart and great blood vessels
Pericardial cyst is common
posterior mediastinum
Between the pericardium and spine and chest
Bronchial cysts, neuromas, aortic aneurysms and diaphragmatic hernias are common
The mediastinum is divided into upper and lower mediastinum based on the sternal angle plane.
Midline mark of the neck