Depression involves complex interactions between genetic, biological, environmental, and psychological factors.

Neurotransmitter imbalance, particularly involving serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine, plays a significant role.

Structural and functional changes in the brain, including alterations in the hippocampus, amygdala, and prefrontal cortex, have been implicated.

Genetics: Family history of depression increases susceptibility.

Biochemical Factors: Imbalances in neurotransmitters.

Life Events: Trauma, loss, abuse, or major life changes.

Medical Conditions: Chronic illness, pain, or hormonal disturbances.

Substance Abuse: Alcohol or drug abuse can exacerbate or trigger depression.

Personality Traits: Low self-esteem, pessimism, or perfectionism.

Social Isolation: Lack of social support or loneliness.

Persistent feelings of sadness, emptiness, or hopelessness.

Loss of interest or pleasure in activities once enjoyed (anhedonia).

Changes in appetite or weight (overeating or loss of appetite).

Insomnia or excessive sleep (hypersomnia).

Fatigue or loss of energy.

Feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt.

Difficulty concentrating, making decisions, or remembering things.

Restlessness or slowed movements.

Recurrent thoughts of death or suicide, suicide attempts.

Diagnosis primarily based on clinical assessment by a healthcare professional, including a comprehensive psychiatric evaluation.

Diagnostic criteria outlined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5).

Laboratory tests may be conducted to rule out medical conditions that can mimic depression or contribute to symptoms (e.g., thyroid function tests, vitamin B12 levels).

Screening tools such as the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) or Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) can aid in assessment.

Pharmacological Therapy:

Psychotherapy:

Collaborative Care:

Provide information about depression, including its causes, symptoms, and treatment options.

Educate patients and families about the importance of seeking help from healthcare professionals and adhering to treatment recommendations.

Encourage participation in support groups, therapy, or self-help resources.

Teach coping skills, stress management techniques, and strategies for maintaining overall well-being.

Address misconceptions or stigma associated with mental illness and promote a supportive and nonjudgmental environment.