Acute inflammation is the type of inflammation that presents within a short period of time (days) and is associated with neutrophils infiltration, or lymphocyte if caused by viral infection, all cardinal signs of inflammation are present

Inflammatory reaction over a prolonged period of time i.e., months to years, in which active inflammation plus a healing process occur at a time

the killing of invading microorganisms

swelling

loss of function

Leukocytosis

Fever

Increased Acute Phase Reactant & ESR

results in removal and washout of the bacterial toxins through the lymphatic system

by enhancing immune response after bringing microorganism to the adjacent lymph node

provide cells and different proteins like fibrinogen, complement system, and nutrition to the sick cells

resulting in obstruction of organs with lumen

inflamed organs lose their function,

Type of inflammation with protein-poor fluid, for example, skin blister resulting from burning

This is a pyogenic inflammation and pus formation in the inflamed area

Ulcer is a loss of continuity of epithelium in the skin or mucous membrane, it can be due to inflammatory damage

Focal skin collection of abscess commonly in hair follicles. Boils are smaller

Following clostridia, or diphtheria infection, characterized by the formation of pseudo-membrane composed of (necrotic tissue + coagulated fibrin + neutrophils and macrophage + bacteria)

changes in vessel caliber, blood flow

increased vascular permeability

Changes in the vascular flow

Cells move out of the vessels into the area of inflammation recruited by chemotactic agents. Inflammatory cells become activated to phagocytize offending materials, this process occurs in steps as follows

Chemical mediators are the cornerstone in controlling the inflammatory Process

They control

they act locally

Example of action

Complete restoration of the structures and functions of inflamed tissue

it is a feature of chronic inflammation that occurs in three situations

Occurs with pyogenic bacteria or fungal infection.

acute Process continues as chronic inflammation.

(angiogenesis)

in an attempt of healing

By microorganism that is difficult to eradicate

Excessive and inappropriate activation of the immune system

unregulated immune responses to against microbs

Endogenous

Exogenous

is a chronic inflammation, in which epithelioid cells accumulate inclusters with central necrosis, and giant cells are surrounded by lymphocytes, plasma cell, and fibrous tissue in a peripheral zone.Inflammatory cell-forming granuloma includes macrophages,plasma cells, and lymphocytes

What is it

Types

Comarison between primary and secondary TB

Sarcoidosis is not infectious. However, clinically and pathologically, simulates tuberculosis

It is a chronic non-caseating granulomatous inflammatory disease that affects multiple organs in the body, commonly, the lungs and lymph glands

• Clinically: there are abnormal masses or nodules composed of granulomas in certain organs of the body. The following picture showing the affected organs

A chronic infective granuloma caused by spirochete microorganisms (treponema pallidum)

Transmitted mainly by

Stage of syphilis

Complement activation

Factor XII (Hageman factor) activation

CYTOKINES are PROTEINS produced by MANY cells, LYMPHOCYTES, and MACROPHAGES, and has numerous roles in acute and chronic inflammation

CHEMOKINES are small proteins that are attractants for PMNs and other inflammatory cells

produced by macrophages are Both are considered the most important mediators of acute and chronic inflammation

IL-1, TNFα

Inhibitory cytokines of acute inflammation

when released they stop the inflammatory process

Then followed by resolution and healing

From Mast Cells, basophils

Action

(5HT, 5-Hydroxy-Tryptamine)

Production from, Platelets and EnteroChromaffin Cells

Action: vasodilatation,

Multiple sites of action, but cell LYSIS is the main

BRADYKININ is KEY component

production from plasma protiens

ACTIONS

Location

Function

(thromboxanes included)

FUNCTION

Function

FUNCTIONS

Phospholipid

From MANY cells, like eicosanoids

ACTIVATE PLATELETS, powerfully

Produced in CNS (neurons)

SUBSTANCE P

NEUROKININ A

Potent vasodilator

Produced by the enzyme nitric oxide synthetase on arginine.

O2 (SUPEROXIDE)

H2O2 (PEROXIDE)

OH- (HYDROXYL RADICAL)

TISSUE DESTRUCTION

(ARACHIDONIC ACID DERIVATIVES)

Produced From the phospholipid Part of cell membranes by Arachidonate cascade

cyclooxygenase (COX)

lipoxygenase (LOX)

The prostanoids – prostaglandins and thromboxanes – are formed via the COX pathway COX1 AND 2. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs like aspirin inhibit prostanoid formation

Leukotrienes are formed through a LOX pathway.

Certain anti-asthmatic drugs inhibit 5-lipoxygenase or leukotriene receptor signaling

Lyso-PAF

Arachidonic acid

Pathogens

Injured tissue

Neutrophils

Mononuclear cells ( monocytes , macrophages )

Vasoactrive amines

Eicosanoids

Immediate

few days

Resolution

Abscess formation

Chronic inflammtion

Persistent acute inflammation due to non-degradable pathogens

persistent foreign bodys

Autoimmune reactions

Mononuclear cells ( monocytes , macrophages lymphocytes , plasma cells) ,

fibroblasts

Interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and other cytokines

Growth factors

reactive oxygen species

Hydrolatic enzymes

Delayed

up to many months or years

Tissue distruction

Fibrosis