Wondershare EdrawMind
マインドマップギャラリー Second level grammar points
- 12
Second level grammar points
A level syllabus for modern Chinese grammar, including special expressions, method of emphasis, How to ask questions, Spoken format, fixed format, etc.
2024-01-19 10:37:05 に編集されました
- おすすめ
- アウトライン
Second level grammar points
1. part of speech
1.1. verb
201 voluntary verbs
possible
He may be out.
It is impossible to finish so much homework today.
Can
Teacher, can I come in?
No parking allowed here.
202 voluntary verbs
should, should
You should take medicine.
You should go get yourself checked out.
203 willing verb: willing
He is very willing to help his classmates.
I don't want to work abroad.
204 Verb overlap
AA
Can I use your phone?
A-A
Think about the meaning of this word.
A: He looked at me but said nothing.
ABAB
Please introduce your friends.
1.2. pronoun
05Interrogative pronouns
How long, why, how, how
How long did it take you to write yesterday's homework?
Why don't you go to class?
How is dad's health?
How to write this word?
206 personal pronouns
others, others, it, them, we, us, ourselves
I'd like to hear other people's opinions.
Let's sing together.
That schoolbag is very nice, I like its color.
I have cats and dogs at home, and they are all my friends.
Let's go together.
How about we go to the zoo tomorrow?
You must believe in yourself.
Do your own thing.
207 demonstrative pronouns
So, so, so, so
Is your girlfriend as beautiful as her?
You can't hold chopsticks like that.
His brother is as tall as you.
This Chinese character is written like this.
1.3. adjective
208 Adjective overlap
AA
The girl is tall, has big eyes, and is very beautiful.
AABB
This room is clean.
They all went home happily.
1.4. numeral
Two 09 thousand, ten thousand, billion
One thousand three hundred and fifty-two, three thousand five (hundred), three thousand and fifty, three thousand and five
Twenty-one thousand four hundred and sixty-five, fifty-six (thousand), fifty-six hundred, fifty-six
450 million, 456.72 million
*Ordinal words (see 2.72 "Ordinal Expression")
1.5. quantifier
210 quantifiers
layer, seal, condition, strip, position
A floor, a letter, a piece of clothing, a river, a teacher
211 verb quantifiers
over, times, field, return, next
Watch it twice, go once, cry once, come twice, hit once
Two 12 o'clock quantifier
minutes, years, days, weeks
Ten minutes, two years, five days, three weeks
1.6. adverb
Two 13 degree adverbs
More, how much, better, more, Very, special, quite, a little bit
How cute this kid is!
How beautiful those flowers are!
This classroom is so big!
He is tall and his brother is taller.
This bun is very delicious.
Teacher Wang’s son is very cute.
It's quite quiet there.
The weather is (a) bit hot today.
2.14 scope, synergistic adverbs
Complete
All the classmates are here.
total
There are a total of twenty people in our class.
Only
There was only two hundred dollars in the card.
15 adverbs of time
Just, just now
I just got home from school.
Teacher Bai has just returned from abroad.
Also 2
It's still raining outside.
suddenly
The lights on the street suddenly came on.
Always
He kept talking.
already
The principal has gone off duty.
16 Frequency, repetition adverbs
again
I am going to write this essay again.
often
I often see him studying in the library.
old
This Chinese character is a bit difficult and I keep writing it wrong.
always
It rains all the time in Beijing this month.
again
Our team scored another goal.
17 correlative adverbs
Just 1
If the weather is good tomorrow, I will go hiking.
If you have time, let's go out for a walk together.
18 adverbs of manner
deliberately
When he spoke, he deliberately raised his voice so that everyone could hear.
I didn't mean to break the computer.
19 modal adverbs
Must, almost, seem, must, maybe
To get good grades, everyone must study hard.
The air ticket costs almost two thousand yuan.
It looks like it's going to rain today.
After you arrive in Beijing, you must go and see Teacher Wang.
I may go to China this year to study Chinese.
20 modal adverbs
Only 1, both 2, just 2, just right
I didn't get up until 8:00 today.
He bought two books for 100 yuan.
It's already 12 o'clock, it's time for us to go to bed.
The monitor will arrive in the classroom at 7:30.
He understood this long sentence in one go.
This year my birthday falls on a Sunday.
1.7. preposition
lead time
Two 21 when
We were watching TV when he came in.
When dad came back, mom had already made dinner.
Leading direction, path
Two 22 to
If you go left, you can see the restroom.
Just walk 100 meters and you'll be there.
Two 23 to 1
Look to the west, do you see the Western Mountains?
He walked towards the library.
Two 24 from 2
If you walk from here, you'll be at the bookstore in 5 minutes.
This bus passes in front of our school.
Export objects
Two 25 pairs
He is very enthusiastic about his customers.
Did you tell him about this?
Two 26 give
I'm going to call my girlfriend tonight.
His birthday is the day after tomorrow. What gift should we give him?
Two 27 from
It's a bit far from the station.
There is now a week until vacation.
elicit purpose and reason
Two 28 is 1
Cheers to everyone’s health!
We are all happy for your good results.
1.8. conjunction
229 Connective Words or Phrases
or
On Sunday I want to go to a movie or a concert.
or
I play ball or go hiking in the afternoon.
2. 30 connecting clauses or sentences
However, but, but, and, That, if, although, as long as
It's winter now, but it's not too cold in Beijing yet.
If you don't go, then I will go alone.
For other examples, see the complex sentences section
1.9. particle
2.31 Structural Particles
have to
He walks a little fast.
He plays basketball very well.
Two 32 dynamic particles
Pass
I have been to China once. /I have never been to China.
He has learned a little Chinese. /He has never studied Chinese.
Two 33 dynamic particles
With
The door is closed. /The door is not closed.
The TV is on. /The TV is not on.
Can we use "zhu" in negative states?
He is wearing a black coat.
The children sang happily in the classroom.
234 modal particles
Ah 1, Bar 2, The 2
It's so cold today!
Are you a teacher?
I came yesterday.
235 other particles
if
If you want to come, just give me a call and I'll pick you up.
wait
I went to the supermarket and bought a lot of things, including wine, fruit, milk, etc.
1.10. interjection
Two 36 hello
Hello, is this Teacher Wang?
Hello, who are you looking for?
2. phrase
2.1. structure type
Two 37 basic structure types
conjunction phrase
Beijing and Shanghai, me and her, big and clean, whether to go or not
biased phrase
New clothes, school library, serious study, very happy
verb-object phrase
Shopping, eating fruit, learning Chinese, entering the classroom
verb phrase
Listen clearly, come here, speak happily, listen twice
subject-predicate phrase
I rest, he goes abroad, the classroom is big, and he studies seriously
238 Other Institutional Types 1
"the" word phrase
mine
Black
new
food
He bought it
conjunction phrase
Go shopping, cry, fly to Beijing, borrow books from the library
2.2. Function type
239 noun phrases
new book, my clothes, Chinese level, a river, two books, this
2. 40 verb phrases
Buy fruit, finish writing, take it out, rest often, you can go
2.41 Adjective Phrases
Very comfortable, very happy, bigger, beautiful and cute
2.3. fixed phrase
Two 42 soon
I finished today's homework in a short time.
We walked to the station, and after a while, the bus came.
Two 43 or something
Do some more practice before the exam.
I went to the supermarket and bought some fruits, bread and so on.
Two 44 getting more and more
The weather is getting hotter.
I like learning Chinese more and more.
3. fixed format
3.1.
Two 45 is still...
Taking a taxi is too expensive, so take the subway.
Two 46 again...and...
The food in this restaurant is delicious and cheap.
These sneakers are expensive and ugly.
Two 47 (in)...before/after/before/after
Before coming to China, I had only learned a little bit of Chinese.
After lunch, I often take a nap.
You should move your body before exercising.
I'll go to your place after class tomorrow.
4. element of sentence
4.1. predicate
2.48 Nouns, pronouns, numerals or quantitative phrases, and noun phrases as predicates
It's sunny today.
Tomorrow is Friday.
How is it here?
He is forty and his daughter is fifteen.
This book is 25 yuan.
I am from Beijing and I am 25 years old.
He is tall, has yellow hair and is very beautiful.
4.2. complement
249 result complement 1
Wrong writing
You wrote two Chinese characters wrong.
Understand
I don't understand this sentence.
wash clean
I've washed the clothes.
Do it well
learn
Have you learned this question?
I didn't learn this question.
listen clearly
Did you hear the teacher clearly?
I heard the teacher's words clearly.
After eating
Two 50 trend complement 1
Usage of trend meaning of simple trend complements
(1) Verb come/go
Look, she's coming this way.
A: How can I give him this gift? B: Take it to him.
I'll bring a camera tomorrow.
She brought a camera yesterday.
A: Where is your dictionary? B: Sorry, I didn’t bring it. .
(2) Verb up/down/in/out/from/over/back/open
Have you climbed to the 19th floor?
I can't go up to the 10th floor if I don't climb to the 19th floor.
Dad took the computer from the car and put it back in the room.
Mom walked up to the second floor and took out a letter from her bag.
The car is driving into the school, let's go there quickly.
Open the bag and show it to me.
Two 51 state complement 1
verb get adjective word
She runs very fast.
We had a great time.
Two 52 quantity complement 1
verb momentum complement
I've been there once.
Let's take a break.
Two 53 quantity complement 2
adjective quantity complement
I am two years older than my brother.
It was very hot yesterday, but it's a little cooler today.
His Chinese is more fluent than mine.
5. Sentence type
5.1. Sentence pattern
single sentence
254 Subject-Predicate Sentence 3: Noun-Predicate Sentence
It will be cloudy tomorrow.
He is Chinese.
It's twenty past eight.
5.2. Special sentence patterns
Two 55 "you" words 2
(1) Express evaluation
He is 1.85 meters tall.
He is in his 30s.
(2) Express comparison
58 comparative sentences
Two 56 existential sentences 1
expresses existence
(1) Place has quantity phrase noun
Level 37 "You" Sentences 1-(2)
(2) Place verb (quantity phrase) noun
There is a dictionary on the table.
There is a teacher standing in front of the classroom.
There are books, pens and notebooks on the table.
Two 57 connected sentences 2
Indicates that actions before and after occur one after another
He opened the door and went out.
Let's go to the library after dinner.
Two 58 comparative sentences 2
(1) A is better than B, adjective, quantity complement
My sister is two years older than me.
It's cooler outside the room than inside.
(2) A is more/still better than B adjective
His cell phone is more expensive than mine.
It's cooler today than yesterday.
(3) A is not as good as B (adjective)
My Chinese scores are not as good as the monitor's.
Trains are not as good as planes.
(4) A has B (so/then) adjective
Is your brother as tall as you?
Her yard is as big as a basketball court.
Two 59 comparative sentences 3
(1) A is the same as B
My hobbies are the same as my sister's.
He had the same idea as me.
My brother’s cell phone is different from mine.
(2) A is the same as B adjective
The older sister is as cute as the younger sister.
The elder brother and the younger brother are not the same height.
260 "It's..." Sentence 1
Emphasis on time, place, method, and actor
I arrived in Beijing yesterday.
She bought the phone online.
We came by plane.
The teacher told me this.
261 Double Object Sentences
(1) Subject Verb Object 1 Object 2
I gave my sister a book.
Dad gave me a car as a gift.
(2) Subject Verb Give Object 1 Object 2
A friend lent me a thousand yuan.
My sister gave me a mobile phone.
5.3. Complex Sentences
262 Successive Complex Sentences
No associated words
After dinner, we went out for a walk.
She went back to her room to get her clothes and went to the classroom.
Use related words
First..., then/then...
Go to the supermarket to buy something first and then go home.
I went to have lunch first and then went back to my room to rest.
Two 63 progressive complex sentences
No associated words
I've been to that place, twice.
His brother can speak Chinese fluently.
Use related words
..., more/yet...
It was cold yesterday and even colder today.
The monitor studies well and often helps his classmates.
not only but also……
He not only speaks Chinese, but also speaks it very well.
264 Select complex sentences
Need not
Will you take a train or a plane on this trip?
Let's go on Saturday and Sunday?
use
Did you come by train or by plane?
Do you want to play volleyball or basketball on the weekend?
265 Turning Complex Sentences
Need not
This dress looks nice, but a bit expensive.
We didn't spend much money when we went to the restaurant this time, and we had a pretty good meal.
use
Although..., but/but;..., but...
Although the park is not big, it is very beautiful.
Although it may rain tomorrow, I still want to go there and have a look.
This room is not too big, but it is very comfortable to live in.
Two 66 Hypothetical Complex Sentences
Need not
It will rain tomorrow, we will rest at home.
If it doesn't rain tomorrow, let's go out and play.
These two sentences are wrong, aren’t they? They are more like premises, definite premises.
use
If...then...;...if...then...
If you have time in the afternoon, let's go to the supermarket together.
If the weather is bad tomorrow, I won't go to the park.
267 Conditional Complex Sentences
As long as it……
As long as you study hard, you will definitely get good results.
As long as you pass this exam, I will give you a gift.
Two 68 Cause and Effect Complex Sentences
Need not
I was so busy today that I didn't even eat lunch.
The student was sick and didn't come to class.
use
Because Therefore……
I don't want to cook today because I'm very tired.
Because there is an exam tomorrow, I want to go to bed early.
Two 69 compact complex sentences
as soon as
He washed his face as soon as he got up.
I blush when I drink.
6. The "state" of the action
6.1. state
270 Continuous State: Verb
(1) Indicates the continuation of the state
The light is always on/the light is not on(?)
The TV is on/the computer is off(?)
(2) Indicates the continuation of the action
It's snowing outside/It's not snowing outside
They were talking and laughing, and soon they arrived at school.
2. 71 experience state: expressed by the dynamic particle "Guo"
She has studied Chinese/She has not studied Chinese
I have eaten dumplings/I have never eaten dumplings
7. special expression
7.1. Ordinal
2. Expression of 72 ordinal numbers
first second Third
Building 13, Room 205, Bus No. 302
7.2. Approximate number
2.73 Approximate Number Representation 1
(1) Numerals, many quantifiers
More than 30 books
More than 50 pounds
(2) Many numerals and quantifiers
More than three yuan
More than four meters
More than seven pounds
8. method of emphasis
8.1.
274 Use "Ji" to express emphasis
The teaching building is right in front
You see, this is the classroom where we teach.
*"is..." expresses emphasis
Level 2 60
Level 4 42
9. How to ask questions
9.1. Question method
2.75 Use "Okay, okay, okay, how about"
Let's leave at 8:00 tomorrow, okay?
Can you come early tomorrow?
Can you lend me your dictionary?
How about we eat noodles today?
2.76 Use "when, what kind, why, how, how"
When will you meet?
What kind of friends do you like?
Why didn't you go to class?
how is the weather tomorrow?
How will you go to school tomorrow?
2.77 The elliptical interrogative sentence composed of "偿" "Where is the pronoun/noun?"
I'm going to the hospital, what about you?
The book is on the table, where is the pen?
278 uses "is it"
You're going to play in the gym, right?
Did you take my pen?
Do you have many Chinese friends?
279 use "bar"
Are you the manager?
Have you studied Chinese before?
10. spoken format
10.1. spoken format
280 It’s time to...
It's 11 o'clock, it's time to go to bed.
There is dictation tomorrow, so I should review new words.
281 It’s going to/almost/about to...
It is going to rain.
We are about to have a holiday.
They have an exam tomorrow.