MindMap Gallery PREGNANCY AND DEVELOPMENT
This is a mind map talking about pregnancy & development. You can create a mind map like this effortlessly.
Edited at 2020-09-27 13:42:48Halloween has many faces. The theme you envision should influence how you decorate the party space. Jack-o'-lanterns and friendly ghosts are more lighthearted Halloween characters. Zombies, witches, and vampires are much darker. If you want to celebrate all the fun sides of Halloween, then it’s okay to mesh the cute with the frightening. Here is a mind map which lists down the 39 Cutest Couples Halloween Costumes of 2021.
Halloween simply wouldn't be Halloween without the movies that go along with it. There's nothing like a movie night filled with all the greatest chainsaw-wielding, spell-binding, hair-raising flicks to get you in the spooky season spirit. So, break out the stash of extra candy, turn off all the lights, lock every last door, and settle in for the best of the best Halloween movies. Here are the 35 Halloween movies listed on the mind map based on the year of release.
This mind map contains lots of interesting Halloween trivia, great tips for costumes and parties (including food, music, and drinks) and much more. It talks about the perfect Halloween night. Each step has been broken down into smaller steps to understand and plan better. Anybody can understand this Halloween mind map just by looking at it. It gives us full story of what is planned and how it is executed.
Halloween has many faces. The theme you envision should influence how you decorate the party space. Jack-o'-lanterns and friendly ghosts are more lighthearted Halloween characters. Zombies, witches, and vampires are much darker. If you want to celebrate all the fun sides of Halloween, then it’s okay to mesh the cute with the frightening. Here is a mind map which lists down the 39 Cutest Couples Halloween Costumes of 2021.
Halloween simply wouldn't be Halloween without the movies that go along with it. There's nothing like a movie night filled with all the greatest chainsaw-wielding, spell-binding, hair-raising flicks to get you in the spooky season spirit. So, break out the stash of extra candy, turn off all the lights, lock every last door, and settle in for the best of the best Halloween movies. Here are the 35 Halloween movies listed on the mind map based on the year of release.
This mind map contains lots of interesting Halloween trivia, great tips for costumes and parties (including food, music, and drinks) and much more. It talks about the perfect Halloween night. Each step has been broken down into smaller steps to understand and plan better. Anybody can understand this Halloween mind map just by looking at it. It gives us full story of what is planned and how it is executed.
PREGNANCY & DEVELOPMENT
ACROSOMAL REACTION & SPERM PENETRATION- sperm must penetrate oocyte covering - corona radiata & zona pellucida- sperm binds to zona p. & undergoes acrosomal reaction - enzymes are released to digest holes in zona pellucida- sperm head approaches oocyte- oocyte & sperm membranes fuse- only one sperm is allowed to penetrate oocyte (monospermy)
HORMONAL CHANGES DURING PREGNANCYhuman chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG)- secreted by trophoblast cells, later chorion- prompts corpus luteum to continue secretion of progesterone & estrogen- hCG levels rise until end of second month, then decline as placenta begins to secrete progesterone & estrogen
PREGNANCYevents that occur from fertilization until the infant is born
CONCEPTUSdeveloping offspring
GESTATION PERIODtime from last menstrual period until birth (280 Days)
EMBYROconceptus from fertilization through week 8
FETUSconceptus from week 9 through birth
FERTILIZATIONsperms chromosomes combine w/ those of secondary oocyte to form a fertilized egg (zygote
FROM EGG TO ZYGOTE- oocyte is viable 12-24 hours- sperm is viable 24-48 hours after ejaculation- for fertilization to occur, coitus must occur no more than -2 days b4 ovulation -24 hrs after ovulation
EMBYRONIC DEVELOPMENTblastocyst: fluid filled hollow spheresTrophoblast cells - display factors that are immunosuppressive- participate in placenta formation Inner cell mass- becomes embryonic disc (embryo & 3 of embryonic membranes)
CLEAVAGE-mitotic divisions of zygote- 1st cleavage @ 36 hrs = 2 daughter cells (blastomeres)- @ 72 hours = morula (16 or + cells)- @ day 3-4, embryo of ~100 cells (blastocyst( has reached uterus
IMPLANTATIONBlastocyst floats for 2-3 days unattachedImplantation beings 6-7 days after ovulation- trophoblast adheres to site w/ proper receptors & chemical signals- inflammatory-like response occurs in endometriumImplanted blastocyst is covered over by endometrial cellsImplantation is completed by 12 day after ovulation
TROPHOBLASTSproliferate & form 2 distinct layers
1. CYTOBLASTS (cellular trophoblast)inner layer of cells
2. SYNCYTIOTROPHOBLASTcells in outer layer lose thier plasma membranes, invade & digest endometrium
PLACENTATIONformation of placenta from embyronic & maternal tissues
1. EMBRYONIC TISSUES- mesoderm cells develop from inner cell mass & line trophoblast- together these form chorion & chorionic villi
2. MATERNAL TISSUES- decidua basalis (stratum functionalis between chorionic villi stratum basalis of endometrium) develops blood-filled lacunae
GASTRULATION - occurs in week 3, embryonic disc becomes a 3-layered embryo w/ ectoderm, mesoderm, & endoderm- begins w/ appearance of primitive streak, a raised dorsal groove that establishes longitudinal axis of embryo
ORGANOGENESISgastrulation sets stage for organogenesisformation of body organs & systems@ 8 weeks- all organ systems are recognizable - end of embryonic period
PRIMARY GERM LAYERSprimitive tissues from which all body organs derive- endoderm & ectoderm are considered epithelia
ECTODERMnervous system & skin epidermis
ENDODERMepithelial linings of digestive respiratory, & urogenital systems
MESODERMforms all other tissues
PATURITION giving birth to the babylabor events that expel infant from uterus
STAGES OF LABOR
DILATION STAGElongest stage of labor: 6-12 hrs or +initial week contractions:- 15-20 mins apart, 10-30 sec long- become more vigorous & rapidcervix effaces & dilates fully to 10 cmamnion ruptures, releasing amniotic fluidengagement occurs: head enters true pelvis
EXPULSION STAGEstrong contractions every 2-3 mins, about 1 min longurge to push increases (- local anesthesia)crowning occurs when largest dimension of head disterids vulvadelivery of infant
PLACENTAL STAGESstrong contractions continue, causing detachment of placenta & compression of uterine BVsdelivery of afterbirth (placenta & membranes) occurs ~30 min. after birthall placenta fragments must be removed to prevent postpartum bleeding
ADJUSTMENTS OF INFANT TO EXTRAUTERINE LIFENeonatal period: 4 week period immediately after birthPhysical status is assessed 1-5 mins after birth
APGAR SCORE0-2 points each for:HR, RR, color, muscle tone & reflexes- score: 8-10 (healthy)
LACTATIONproduction of milk by mammary glandstoward end of pregnancy- placental estrogens, progesterone, & lactogen stimulate hypothalamus to release prolactin-releasing factors (PRFs)- anterior pituitary releases prolactinColostrum:- yellowish secretion rich in vitamin A, protein, minerals, & IgA antibodies- released first 2-3 days- followed by true milk productionsuckling initiates a (+) feedback mechanismoxytocin causes letdown reflex
FIRST BREATHincreased CO2 = central acidosis= stimulates respiratory centers to trigger first inspiration- requires tremendous effort: airways are tiny & lungs are collapsed- surfactant in alveolar fluid helps reduce surface tensionrespiratory rate: ~45 per min for first 2 weeks, then declines