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心智圖資源庫 1.1 The disintegration of primitive society and the evolution of class society
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1.1 The disintegration of primitive society and the evolution of class society
This is a mind map about the disintegration of primitive society and the evolution of class society in 1.1. It introduces primitive society, slave society, Feudal society, Capitalist society etc.
編輯於2024-02-01 13:51:06
1.1 The disintegration of primitive society and the evolution of class society
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The disintegration of primitive society and the evolution of class society
primitive society
historical status
It is the initial stage and the lowest stage of the development of human society.
two stages
paleolithic age
About 3 million years ago ~ about 10,000 years ago
Neolithic
About 10,000 years ago
Primitive animal husbandry and agriculture began to appear, and people changed from food gatherers to producers. Those who deserve Most of the places where humans settled due to livestock farming and farming have become the cradle of human civilization.
Productivity characteristics
low
Characteristics of production relations
Work together and share the means of production
Establish an equal and mutually supportive relationship in production
distribute the products of labor equally
basic unit
In primitive society, clans formed based on blood relationships were the basic unit for primitive people to live together.
social management methods
Under the clan system, people manage collective affairs through clan meetings. All major issues are discussed in the meeting by the adults of the whole clan. Decide through discussion. At the end of primitive society, some closely related clans formed tribes, and some tribes united to form tribal alliances.
disintegration
Fundamental reasons: improvements in production tools and development of productivity
At the end of primitive society, improvements in production tools greatly promoted the development of productivity. With the development of productivity, Individual labor gradually became popular. The common labor that was originally based on the clan unit was gradually replaced by the family unit. Individual labor is replaced, and the means of production are correspondingly transferred from the clan's public ownership to the family's private ownership.
Direct causes: the establishment of private ownership and the intensification of the polarization between rich and poor
The first things that were privately owned by families were mainly production tools and livestock. Later, land also became private property, which marked the beginning of private ownership. establish. The intensification of the differentiation between rich and poor has made the status of clan members more and more unequal, and the long primitive society has gradually disintegrated.
slave society
two classes
Definition: The so-called class is a group with different status in certain production relations.
The earliest two opposing classes of mankind - the slave-owning class and the slave class
Characteristics of production relations
The slave owner owns the means of production and completely owns the slaves
Slaves had no personal freedom and worked under the compulsion of their masters
All products of slave labor are owned and controlled by slave owners, who only give slaves the minimum means of living.
main contradiction
The conflict between the slave-owning class and the slave class
slave state
The emergence of the country: The cruel exploitation and oppression of slave owners will inevitably be resisted by slaves. In order to safeguard the interests of their own class, slave owners The army, courts, prisons and other violent institutions were established. In this way, the earliest state in human history - the slave state came into being.
The meaning/essence of the state: The state is the product of irreconcilable class contradictions and a tool of class rule
The threshold of human beings entering the civilized era
time
slave society
reason
The widespread use of metal tools, the emergence of cities, the invention and application of writing, mental work and physical The division of labor, etc., promotes the development of productive forces and frees mankind from the state of ignorance and barbarism.
Feudal society
Characteristics of production relations
Landlords own most of the land and, by collecting land rents, occupy most of the fruits of farmers' labor.
Peasants have a certain degree of personal freedom, their own working tools and even a small amount of land. In addition to paying land rent, farmers can also keep part of the fruits of their labor for their own disposal.
Productivity characteristics
Iron farm tools were widely used and promoted, water conservancy was greatly developed, handicrafts were further developed (iron smelting became the most important handicraft sector), commerce and cities gradually developed
historical progress
Compared with slaves, farmers have a certain degree of personal freedom, their own working tools and even a small amount of land. In addition to paying land rent, the fruits of their labor can also be used as income. Keep some of it for yourself. In this way, farmers can work more autonomously, become more motivated to produce, and promote the development of social production.
The fundamental reason why feudalism replaced slavery
Slavery has increasingly become an obstacle to the further development of productive forces and is an inevitable result of the development of productive forces.
Exploitation of Peasants by the Landlord Class
base of exploitation
In feudal society, feudal land ownership was the basis for the landlord class to exploit peasants. The feudal landlord class is It is by virtue of their possession of land that farmers have to rely on landlords and submit to the servitude of the landlord class.
Main way
Collecting land rent is the main way for the landlord class to exploit farmers. Land rent includes labor rent, physical rent and monetary rent. In addition, the landlord class also exploited the peasants by using usury to force them to pay exorbitant taxes and engage in various kinds of corvee labor.
Distinctive Characteristics of Feudal States
The distinctive features of a feudal country are autocratic monarchy and strict hierarchy. In order to maintain the rule of the feudal country, the landlord class The superiors also spread feudal superstition, propagated feudal morality, advocated the "divine right of kings", and suppressed the thinking of the working people.
main contradiction
In feudal society, the peasant class and the landlord class were the two basic classes, and the contradiction between these two classes was the main contradiction in feudal society.
The resistance struggle of the peasant class
There are often scattered small-scale anti-rent and anti-tax movements that develop into large-scale peasant uprisings and peasant wars.
capitalist society
capitalist relations of production
bud
In the later period of feudal society, with the development of social productivity and commodity economy, capitalist production relations emerged within feudal society.
Features
Capitalists own all the means of production, and workers who lose their means of production have to sell their labor power. Employed by a capitalist and become a wage worker, the capitalist appropriates the surplus value created by the worker during the production process
Surplus value: the part of value created by workers’ labor and occupied by capitalists for free
Establish basic conditions
There are a large number of people who have lost their means of production, have personal freedom, and can freely sell their labor power
Have the large amounts of money necessary to start a capitalist enterprise
Main ways to achieve basic conditions
By violence, through plunder
The formation of capitalist society is by no means an idyllic process, but a process full of invasion, conquest, plunder, massacre and enslavement.
start sign
logo
The victory of the bourgeois revolution
revolutionary slogan
Liberty, Equality, Fraternity
The historical significance of the establishment of the capitalist system
The establishment of the capitalist system and the occurrence and completion of the industrial revolution brought about huge productivity gains in capitalist society. Leap has promoted the emancipation of human thought and brought the development of science, education, and culture to unprecedented heights.
financial crisis
Basic Features
overproduction
substance
Overproduction is a relative surplus, that is, relative to the needs of the working people who have the ability to pay, society The goods produced appear to be in excess rather than an absolute surplus compared to the actual needs of the working people
main performance
A large number of goods cannot be sold, a large number of production materials are idle, and a large number of production companies and banks have gone bankrupt. A large number of workers are unemployed, production drops rapidly, credit relationships are destroyed, and the entire society falls into chaos
reason
direct cause
The contradiction between the trend of unlimited expansion of production and the relatively shrinking demand of working people who have the ability to pay
root cause
It lies in the contradiction between social production and capitalist private ownership of the means of production. This is the basic contradiction of capitalist society.
The antagonism between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat
The basic contradiction in capitalist society is manifested in the class antagonism between the proletariat and the bourgeoisie.
The measures taken by the bourgeoisie to ease class contradictions have not and cannot change capitalist private ownership and its exploitative relations.
The overall source of all contradictions and conflicts in capitalist society
The basic contradiction of capitalism is the contradiction between productive forces and production relations. In capitalist society, The embodiment of capitalism is the general source of all contradictions and conflicts in capitalist society. fundamentals of capitalism The development of shield runs through the beginning of capitalist society and determines the fate of capitalism.
The development trend of capitalism
The higher the degree of socialization of production, the more concentrated capital, means of production, and labor products are among a small number of capitalists With this in mind, the intensification of the basic contradictions of capitalist society is inevitable. Capitalism will eventually be replaced by society Although this is a long process, it is an inevitable trend of historical development.
Reasons why wage workers cannot escape the fate of exploitation