An Imperial law was enforced on the Achaemenid Empire;,a local civil code that must be followed by the people ofall the vast cultural backgrounds of the enormous empire.

The Han Dynasty established a code of law based on principles of theLegalist philosophy, which states that regardless of political and orsocio-economic status, all people must abide under the authority of thelaw.

To maintain the vast empire, "more than seventy distinct ethnic groups, including peopleswho lived in widely scattered regions, spoke many different languages..."(134 Traditions andEncounters) Darius governed the empire through dividing the land into 23stratapies.Moreover, a political seat of power was put in the capital of Persepolis, wherethe area was a flourishing cultural center almost like cosmopolitan.

Towards the end of the Han of the former Han Dynasty, Emperor Wang Mang passed aland distribution reform that would allow people with low economic status to own land.However, this was done poorly, which once again pronounced the everlasting issue of thegap between rich and poor, and then chaos among the groups. This badly executeddecision on behalf of the government led to the end of the former Han Dynsasty

Civilians must follow the imperial law and pay their tax to their satarpy's tax collector. As forpersonal belief, they were free to have their own religion until the reign of Xerxes. When Cyrus wasin power, he accepted gifts as taxes, but as Darius came to rule, he unified coinage as well as law. "Though often lavish, the gifts did not provide a consisitent and reliable source of income for rulerswho needed to finance a large bureacracy and army" (T&A page 134) He improved the empiregreatly.

Being a civilian in China, there was a strong sense of unity and responsibility within theculture. People had responsibilities to do their profession/job to keep the economy going,but also, Chinese citizens had the responsibility to report any suspected or seen activity thatgoes against the law. Submitting under a Legalistic principles based society requiredpeople to report criminal acts for nobody escaped punishment for their wrong doings.

The first tier of the Social Structure was the Emperor. Farmers and peasants come next in the second tier of the Handynasty’s social hierarchy. Their social status can be considered above the laborers but well below those of thewealthier landowners. In the next tier were merchants, artisans, and craftsmen who were responsible making usefulitems such as swords and knives as well as creating luxury goods for the wealthier class. Women of the higher classwere expected to marry a man, take care of the house and watch after and raise the children. Women of the lowerclass might marry and take over the family business or become a servant in the house that of a higher class women.

. “They organized themselves by clans rather than by states or formal political institutions” (132, Traditions and Encounters). Their social formationdoes not seem to be much different from their Indo-European ancestors, being a basic patriarchal system, “When the Medes and Persians migratedto Iran their social structure was similar to that of the Aryans in India” (139, Traditions and Encounters).There seems to have been a firm oligarchicsystem in place in which the heads of tribes would make all large decisions regarding the general conduct of the society,“Called for a new class ofeducated bureaucrats who to a large extent undermined the positions of the old warrior elite” (140, Traditions and Encounters). These Eldersbelonged to an upper level of the society, the “ruling class”, whose members held the chief positions by the right of birth. “The bulk of Persian societyconsisted of individuals who were free but did not enjoy the privileges of clan leaders and important bureaucrats” (140, Traditions and Encounters).“Members of the free classes participated in religious observances conducted at local temples, and they had the right to share” (140, Traditions andEncounters).

Han Wudi

Liu Bang

Wang Mang

Within 20 years, he ruled an entire empire stretchingfrom India to the borders of Egypt through hisexceptional conquering of lands.

Darius extended the empire both east and west into Northwestern India and as faras the Indus river. He then divided the empire into 23 satrapies, each with it'scotingent of military officers and tex collectors. Additionally, he unified coinageand laws. He ruled through cultural tolerance to keep peace within the vastempire.

Stopped the policy of cultural toleration which causedrebellion to arise amoung the people ofMesopotamia and Egypt, leading to the Persian Wars.

Ancient Chinese society's economy was primarily based on their agricultural surplus. Thiswas specifically true in the time of the Han Dynasty when "Shang Yang encouraged peasantcultivators to migrate to the sparsely populated state. By granting them private plots andallowing them to enjoy generous profits, his policy dramatically boosted agriculturalproduction."

Having concentrated on agriculture, China was able to focus on other things such as professions. One of these being the merchant profession. Merchants enabled the Chinese to further multiply the their economy bytrading with other people near and far such as the Xiongnu, although, "...they could not satisfy their needs anddesire through peaceful trade.." nonetheless they traded with them. Silk was particularly treasured by othernations of the world. "...the industry specifically thrived after the establishments of long-distance trade relationswith western lands in the second century B.C.E."

Ancient Persia like its counterpart also had agriculture, forthey had under ground canals to take their water to theircrops. "Agriculture was the foundation of classical Persiansociety"

Ancient Persia was very active in trade. The King of Persia, Darius, established roads insideempire boundaries to facilitate trade within the nation (for example the Royal Road). KingDarius also established roads outside empire to make trade with other societies, such asEgypt, easier. Also, "...these roads... helped the empire to intergrate the empire's variousregipns into a larger economy."

In order for the Persian economy to further increase, King"Darius followed the example of the Lydian king Croesusand issued standardized coinsa move that forsteredtrade..."

A large amount of trade was done along the Silk Road. Massivecaravans were involved which travelled between the capital of theempire and the western countries. "The Silk Roads also encouragedcultural diffusion."

Liu Bang received the foundations from the Qin forbuilding public works including roads, canals, and theGreat Wall.

The peasants in Han China did the majority of public works. “Besides taxes, the peasants owedthe government a month worth of labor or military service every year” Han's emperorsenforced labor to construct roads and dig canals as well as irrigation ditches. "Slaves wateredthe plants by using hidden pumps that drew water from the Euphrates RIver". The emperorsalso made sure to expand the Great Wall. Furthermore, China’s vast armies were filled withpeasants.

“Government sent Chinese farmers to settle newly colonized areas”. Thiswas a process known as assimilation that brought conquered people intoa part of Chinese culture. The Chinese government used this method asa way to unify the empire.

Cultural diffusion often times occurs along with trade, which grew rapidly over thedevelopment of the Persian Empire. People travelled over land on the Royal Road,and by water through the Red Sea, Persian Gulf, and Arabian Sea. New Roads werebuilt that connected Persia to northern India, Anatolia, Mesopotamia, Egypt, andSyria.

The slaves in ancient Persia were behind the building of public works. People could be slaves if either they were civilians who rebelled against the government, or, more commonly, prisoners of war who were captured. Many were domestic slaves, working for common people and performing in households. The slaves owned by the government, however, did large-scalelabor such as the building of roads, palaces, irrigation systems, and city walls.

Confucianism was estavlished by the sage confucius. Morethan a religion, it was a philosophy to contemplate life in awiseful point of view. Confcucianism toaught manners andrespect.

Legalism was founded by one of the disciples of Confucius. Once again, it isseen that this branch is not a religions, but rather it is a philosophy forlegalism is based off of the Confucian principle Li. Legalism philosophyincluded that everyone, regardless of socio-economic status or political statusis equal

Daoism was founded by one of Confucius' many disciples as well. Daosim is once again notconsidered a religion but rather a philosophy of China for it is based of the Confucianprinciple of Ren. Daosim is a philosophy with a "hippy" feeling to it since daoism shuns allgovernment structure/ organizations and focuses more on harmony with nature andpeople

The Achaemenid empire before the Persian War started off as avast multicultural empire because of the way of ruling of Cyrusand Darius, who knew cultural tolerance would subside rebellion.

Zarathustra on the contrary to chinese beliefs such as inconfucianism, believed the material world was a blessing, andallowed people to enjoy wealth, sexual pleasure and social prestige.