Concept 6.7 Connection betweencells
Plant cell walls
made of cellulose (polysaccharide)
protects each cell
provides support for plants weight
Plasmodesmata connects cells thru PCW
prevents excessive uptake of H2O
found in prokaryotes fungi
some unicellular Eukaryotes
Secondary
between plasma membrane
primary wall cell protection & support
Primary
thin & flexible
cell growth
cellulose, pectin and hemicellulose
Animals' extracellular matrix
like a skeleton outside cell
made largely of glycoproteins
proteins + carbs
most abundant/main ingredient
strong; hanging on matrix
Intergrins
proteins binding cell membrane to ECM
Connected to cytoskeleton
Cell junctions in animal cells
1. Tight
makes a layer of cells fluid tight
Concepte 6.6 Cytoskeleton
Cell Skeleton
shape to cell
Movement of organelles/whole cell
Microfilaments
myosin & actin filaments in muscle
eukaryotic cells bear tenison
Intermediate filaments
cable structure of several proteins
long term structure to cell
Microtubules
tubulin
cilia
large #s
flagella
few cells, longer
Both move fuild over the suface of tissue
vesicles & organelles travel
organize chromosomes during cell divison
unstable ends are different
+end grows & disassembles faster
-end grows&disassembles slower
length can change rapidly
coverage on centrosome(near nucleus)
providing tracing from center to surface cell
Concept 6.5 Engery-ConvertingOrganelles
1. Mitochondria
All eukaryote cells
cellular respiration
outer & inner membrane (Cristae)
only inherited from female parent
Plants can be from both parents
Use energy from sugars
ATP(andenosine triphosphate)
immediate energy source
stores & releases energy
Matrix
DNA & ribosomes enclosed by the innermembrane
need to make things between 2 membranes
2. Chloroplast
some plant cells
fruit, root plants & animals don't have it
3 layers of outer & inner membrane
Filled w/thick fluid=stroma
contain stacks(granum) of thylakoids
chlorophyll inside
chlorophll collects sunlight
using stored energy
mitochondrion
can't surivie on its own. too dependent
3.Peroxisomes
oxidation organelles
single membrane
many oxidation reactions
Remove H from various molecules using O
Prepare fatty acids for mitochondria
detox
Glyoxysomoes
special version of peroxisomes in fat titssue
Concept 6.2: Eukaryotic vsProkaryotic (Pg 100-101)
Plasma Membrane
passage of oxygen, nurtirents & waste
it makes itself
phospholidpis form double layer in water
Can pinch of parts form membrane bubbles
Cell Fractionation
to separation different organelles to studytheir function separate from the rest of thecell
Prokaryotes
Small, singles cell oragnisms
Bacteria & Archaea
No membrane around DNA (nucleoid)
Lack an internal membrane compartment
Eukaryotes
Larger, multicellular
some unicellular(Protist)
Double lay of phospholipids & other lipids
Cytoplasm
between nucleus and plasma membrane
Fungi
not plants
mushrooms, Penicillin, yeast, mycorrhizae
Concept 6.3 Genetic Information:Nucleus to Ribosomes
Nucleus
where proteins begin
DNA recipes for every protein
DNA locked inside nucleus
Genes and other DNA
Most genes in eukoryotic cells
Chromosomes are the stuctes that carrygentic info
Chromatin is the protein that makes upchromosomes
Connection to rough ER
Nuclear membrane is 2 double layers ofphospholipids
double membrane w/ a gapbetween them
Envelope
nuclear pore
Each pore is ringed by protein particles
Nuclear envelope
enclosed nucles
sperating contents from thecytoplasm
Nuclear lamina
Intermediate filaments
shape of nucleus bymechanically supporting the NE
Ribosomes
Read mRNA copies of DNA'sinstructions
made in nucleus
free or bound from nucleus
translate instruction intoproteins
bound outside nuclear envelope
Concpet 6.1: Studying the Cell
3 Paramters of control amount of informatin in amicrscope image
Magnigication
Ratio of image size to object size
Resolution
The minimum distance between twodistinguishable points
Contrast
Visible range of brightness
Types ofMicroscopes
Electron Microscope
Beam of electron thru the specimen or intoits surface
Concept 6.4 EndomembraneSystem
interconnected tubes,sac,tinyfloating vesicles
Separate contents frm rest of cytoplasm
2. Endoplasmic Reticulum
Storage, manufacturing, andmaking
Smooth
Has bound ribosomes all over it
Glycoproteins
carbs attached to proteins
Enzymes make lipids(steroids)
Lacks ribosomes its outsuface
3. Golgi apparatus
finishes, packages, sorts and ships
each layer further modifies products
final layer sorts into vesicles for transport
proteins are modified and stored
4. Lysosomes
contain enzymes that break down chemicalbonds
sent to other places for cell specilaization
4. Vacuoles
"little emptiness"
actually full of water/ clear liquid
often storage/organization
food,water, toxins(process of eating)
contractile vacuole
squirting H20 out of cell
some & others connected vialtravelling vesicles
50% of membrane in many cells
Vesicles of membrane bubble off to whereverthe membrane( Vesicles contents) areneeded.
Membrane grows, not stactic
dynamic(Moving, shifitng, growing,shrinking)
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