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Mental Map Definition Psychology
Psychology is the scientific study of the mind and behavior, according to the American Psychological Association.
Edited at 2020-10-10 11:43:13
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Mental-Map-Definition-Psychology
Biology
Nervous System
Peripheral
Autonomicselfregulated internal organsand glands
Sympathetic Nervous System simulatesfightorflight response, maintainshomeostasis
Somatic
Sensory input
Motor Outputskeletal muscles
Central (brain and spinal cord)
The Brain
Association Areas
Frontal lobepersonality, emotion andthinking
Motivation
Drive-Reducation Theoryphysiologicalneed creates an aroused tension state thatmotivates an organism to satisfy a need
Yerkes Podson/Optimum ArousalTheoryPerformance increases with arousalonly up to a point, beyond whichperformance decreases
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
Basic Needs
Physiological Needsfood, water, sleep and warmth
Safety needssecurity and stability
Psychological Needs
Belongingness and loveneedsrelationships and friends
Selffulfillment Needs
Selfactualizationachieving potential
Emotionbodily arousal, expressivebehavior, and conscious experience
Feedback effectoccurs when expressionsamplify our emotions cultivating musclesassociated with specific states
James Lange Theoryarousal beforeemotion
CannonBard Theory Arousal and emotionare simultaneous
SchaterSinger (Twofactor) Theoryarousaland label=emotion
General arousalintereting arousaldepending on context and spillover effect
Conscious cognitive level
Emotional Catharsispurification ofemotions, renewal and restoration ofemotion
Emotion focused coping avoiding stressor
Learned helplessnessoccurs when peoplefeel helpless and avoid negative situations
Problem focused copingchanginginteraction with stressor
External locus of controlchance ors outsideforces beyond our personal controldetermine our fate
Internal locus of controlwe control our ownfate
Personality
Type Ahardworking, impatient, verballyaggressive, and anger prone
Type B easy going and relaxed
Psychodynamic Personality Perspective
Id (unconscious energy)instant gratification
Superego (idealized unconscious)socialstandard and expectation
Falseconsensus effectcognitive bias inwhich people tend to overestimate theextent to which their opinions, beliefs,preferences, values, and habits aretypical of others
Ego (Reality)what is actually presented onthe outside
Big Five Factor Theory
Extraversionexcitability, sociability,talkativeness, assertiveness, and emotionalexpressivness
Agreeablenesstrust, altruism, kindness,affection, and other prosocial behavior
Conscientiousness thoughtfulness, impulsecontrol, goaldirected behaviors
Neuroticismsadness,moodiness, andemotional instability
Opennessimagination and insight,creativity, sense of adventure, and abstractthinking
Temporalmemory and language
Hypothalamusmaitnenance functions andemotion
Hippocampusemotion, memory, andautonomic NS
Memory
1. Sensory Memory6th sense
2. Attentionselective, divided, sustained
3. Shorttermconcious processing, active
4. Encoding
Automaticimplicit
Effortfulexplict
5. Longterm memoryorganize and store,permanent
6. Retrieval
Cues
Primingactivation of particular associationsin memory
Contextdependent
Moodcongruentrecalling consistent withone's current good or bad mood
Failure in retrievalinterference or motivatedforgetting
7. Workingconcious processing and short
Amygdalalinked to emotion
Dreams
REM sleeprapid eye movements
Alpha wavesslow brain waves relativelyrelaxed, awake
Hallucinationssensory experiences occurwithout sensory stimulus
Delta waveslarge slow waves, deep sleep
Latentunderlying symbols &Manifestleteral subject matter
Occipitalvision
Consciousnessawarness of self andenvironment
Selective attentionfocusing on particularstimulus
Pop out phenomenonunique target easilydetected
Dual processingprincipal infosimultaneously processed on separateconscious and unconscious tasks
Blindsightcondition in which a person canrespond to a visual stimulus with outconsciously experiencing it
Sleep
Benefits
Protects
Recooperates
Rebuilds fading memories
Creative Thinking
Supports growth
Parietalperception
Perceptual Setmental disposition toperceive on thing and not another
Context effectsgiven stimulus that triggersradically different perceptions
Motor cortexmovement
Sensory Cortexsensations
Bottomup=sensory receptors
Topdown=creates meaning from sensoryinput
Plasticitybrain's ability to change especiallyduring childhood from damage orexperience
Abormal Psychology
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory(MMPI)screens for personality andpsychosocial disorders in adults
3 Ds of Abnormal Psych
1. Devianceoutside of social norms andexpectations
2. Distressdivorce from reality
3. Disfunctiondisrupts flow of normal socialsituations
Medical Model
Biological: evolution, individual genes, brainstructures and chemistry
Socialcultural: roles, expectations,definitions of normality of disorder
Psychological: stress, trauma, learnedhelplessness, moodrelated perception andmemories
Transferenceinnappropriate repetition inthe present of a relationship that wasimportant in a person's childhood
Ruminationtendency to repetitively thinkabout the causes, situational factors, andconsequences of one's negative emotionalexperience
Labeling
Predicts course of the disorder
Suggests appropriate treatment
Prompts search into a disorder's cause
Types of Disorders
Learning
ADHDextrmem in attention and/orhyperactivity and impulsivity
Anxiety
Panic disordersudden episodes of intensedread
Phobiasperson is intensely and irrationalafraid of a specific object, activity orsituation
Agoraphobiafear of places and situationsthat might cause panic, helplessness orembarrassment
PTSDhaunting memories, nightmares,social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbnessof feeling and/or insomnia that lingers for 4weeks after a dramatic experience
Depressive/Personality
Major depressive disorderexperiences inabsence of drugs or another medicalcondition, 2+ weeks with symptoms of atleast 1 of 2 : 1) depressive mood 2) loss ofinterest of pleasure
Women's risk of depressive disorder is 2xshigher than men's
BiPolaralternates between thehopelessness and lethargy of depressionand overexcited state of mania
Schizophrenia and other
Antisocial personality disorderperson has alongterm pattern of manipulating,exploiting, or violating the rights of others
Schizophreniadelusions, hallucinations,disorganized speech, and/orinappropriate emotional expression
Hallucinations experience involvingapparent perception of something notpresent
Delusionsidiosyncratic belief or impressionthat is firmly maintained despite beingcontradicted by what is generally acceptedas reality or rational argument, typically asymptom of mental disorder
Treatment
Counter Conditioningconditioning amotivated behavior or response to astimulus into a wanted behavior or responseby the association of positive actions withstimulus
Biopsychosocial therapypatient andprovider's perspective
Antidepressentsdrugs used to treat majordepressive disorder
Antipsychoticsmajor tranquilizers used totreat schizophrenia and bipolar
Lithiumsodium treatment used to treat themanic episodes of bipolar disorder
Electrocompulsive (ECT) manipulates brainthrough shock waves
Development
Infancy
Social/emotionalbiological attachment toparents through body contact andimprinting
Baumrind's 4 parenting styles
1. Authoritativemutual trust and respect,twoway communication
Secure attachment
2. Authoritariancontrol, differentperspectives not acceptable, onewaycommunication
3. Permissiveindulgence and entitlement,little control
4. Neglectfulnonexistment relationship, nocommunication
Cognitiveschemas, assimilation andaccommodation
Adolescence
Social/emotionalforming identity vs. roleconfusion
Erickson's Stages of PsychosocialDevelopment
Infancy (01)trust v. mistrust
Toddlerhood (13)autonomy v. shame anddoubt
Preschool (36)initiative v. guilt
Elementary school (6puberty)competencev. inferiority
Adolescence (teens20s)identity v. roleconfusion
Young Adulthood (20searly 40s)intimacy v.isolation
Relational Agressionact of aggressionintended to harm a person's reputation orrelationship
Primary sex characteristics body structuresfor reproduction
Secondary sexcharacteristicsnonreproductive sexual traits
Sexual Response Cycle
1. Excitement genitals enlarge with blood
2. Plateau excitement peaks as breathing,pulse, and BP rise
3. Orgasmmuscle contractions appear allover body are accompanied by further risein breathing, pulse, and BP
4. Resolutionbody gradually returns to itsunaroused state as the genital blood vesselsrelease their accumulated blood (refactoryperiod)
Middle Adulthood (40s60s)generativity v.stagnation
Late Adulthood (late 60sdeath)integrity v.despair
Cognitivereasoning power, morality
Kohlberg's Moral Development Theory
Preconventional (age 9 andunder)selfinterest obeys rules to avoidpunishment
Conventional (early adolescence)upholdslaws and rules to gain social approval andorder
Postconventional (adolescence andabove)actions reflect belief in basic rightsand selfdefined ethical principles
Formal Operations: 1)physical development2)cognitive development 3)socialdevelopment 4)emerging adulthood
Adulthood
Generativityconcern for people besides self& family
Big Influences in Psych
Wundt "Father of Psychology"volunteerism and introspection
Watson "Little Albertbehaviorism
MaslowHierarchy of Needs