Considered the first sophist

Because they charged fees

Because they used rhetorical sleightofhand

Arhilles and the Tortoise

Shadows on the Cave Wall

Women should hold political power

Political leaders chosen from among best & brightest

Antidemocratic

What is Justice?

No nuclear family

No private property

Philosopher "guardians" ofReason will rule

Greek for "Nature"

Family is rooted in human nature

Idea of private property is 'natural'

Rejected concentration of power

Supported rule by middle class

Defined ethics as "What is thegood goal of human life?"

Happiness is the life lived bythe virtuous person

Happiness is the goal of human life

Happiness means good atbeing human

Four Primary Virtues

We acquire our knowledge ofthe world via our senses

Considered founder of Stoicism

"Happiness is a good flow of life"

Pathos is a disturbance of the mindrepugnant to Reason and againstNature.

Virtua is the consistency of the soul withRight Reason and Universal Reason(logic)

Realist/Materialist

Best known for his Paradoxes

Isaac

Asks the question "Why do the righteous suffer?"

Satan challenges Lord

Lord inflicts cruelty on Job

Job does not forsake his Lord

Early author

The Gospels

Baptism as the means bywhich Jews become Christians

Rejects circumcision as anecessary rite to becomeChristian

Prudence

Temperance

Justice

Fortitude

God is simple, without composition of parts

God is perfect, lacking nothing

God is infinite

God is immutable

God is one

Words have meaning in and ofthemselves

Words have no inherit meaning

In response to Indulgencessold by the Pope

Strongly believed that freedom from God'spunishment could not be purchased with money.

Salvation is not earned by good deeds

Faith in Jesus brings salvation

Specialization of job functionleads to massive gains inefficiency.

Coordination and cooperationbetween specialists is done out ofselfinterest.

We get what we need from othersout of their selfinterest, not theircharity.

Offers an explanation and basis for thecooperation and coordination that are required forthe division of labor described in Wealth ofNations.

Why?

Obeying the law

Moral decadence alwaysaccompanies culturalprogress

American Indians in their simplistic lifecompare favorably to Europeans in theirlevels of happiness and virtue.

All power is given to the state

Your happiness is calculated as yourshare of the overall societalhappiness

Ideas are copies of our senseimpressions

Three relations among ideas

Reason alone cannot justifyour belief in experience

Belief in our experiences as representing theexternal world accurately is based on ourinstinct or custom, and cannot be proven withreason.

Scientific theory of morality

Moral judgment cannot be based on rationaldeliberation, because simpletons and infantsare also capable of making more judgments.

There is no evidence that indicates that themost intellectually capable members of ourspecies are the most moral.

Therefore, our sense of morality is based inpart on our biology and in part by our socialcontext.

What makes a moral rule a universal more rule?

We have a natural appreciation for virtuousbehavior, and are thus naturally moral atleast in part.

You cannot deterministically go froman "is" to an "ought"

Basing religious belief oninference from experience hasfour flaws

Effects do not prove a cause.

In the end, Hume is dismissive of both religionin general and in the ability to base religiousbelief on experience.

Must limit the ability ofgovernment to grow in power

Selfishness

Egocentrism

Worship of gods

Emergence of Heroes and kings

Age of man

Society is not a contract but thenatural progression from customs andmores

An attempt to resolve theproblem of mind/body dualism

Nothing arises from nothing

Everything that exists has areason to exist

Everything which exists isbetter than anything nonexistent

Reason and faith are gifts from God

Sin and Suffering are the resultof metaphysical imperfections

Although God has unlimited reason andwillpower, humans do not which makes sin andsuffering possible.

A man is free when he is subject only topolitical authority to which he hasconsented.

Natural liberty is freedom fromthe arbitrary power of others

Beginning of moderndemocratic political theory.

Denies need for authoritarian power,which leads to despotism andtyranny

Denies that fear is the primarymotivator of men

Natural Rights

Men are governed by lawsfrom a legislature

Opposed monarchies

Modern social contract theory

Stressed that equality was legalequality, not equality of materialpossessions.

Empericist

Ideas are acquired via experience

Two forms of experience

There are no innate ideas

The mind is a Tabula Rasa

Ethics are learned, not innate

Ethics are derived from experience, andthus relative to our experience of theworld