Sulbutiamine Examine

Solubility: lipid soluble, take with fatmorning/noon

Recommended: 500mg a day

Others: 100mg 13 times a day

Others: 300mg a day

Minimum: 100mg

Maximum: 550mg

Halflife: 24 hours to days

Negatively charged aminophospholipid

It plays a very important role in the body

Making up 2 to 10 percent of your cell's lipids

It occurs in every cell in your entire body

Plays a key role in the building up of neuronalmembranes

It works to promote celltocell communicationand regulates cell growth

Protein kinase C pathways requirePhosphatidylserine to function, andPhosphatidylserine helps collect certainproteins in the cell

Helped support a multitude ofneurotransmitter systems includingacetylcholine, serotonin, norepinephrine, anddopamine

Beyond the normal functioning of every cell inyour body, some evidence is suggesting thatadding in Phosphatidylserine supplements willhelp kick your brain into high gear

Shown to help keep memory strong andcognition sharp

While also supporting a strong memory andspeeding up memory recall

With DHA has shown to improve episodicmemory by 42%

Helps to give them more mental energy alongwith improved focus and concentration

Positive impact on attention and learning, notto mention general cognitive performance

Work to boost memory and overall cognition

This also includes an expansion of learningcapacity and even an improved speed ofmemory recall in many cases

Benefits of this supplement are considered tobe longterm and it may even slow down theaging process on your brain

Has been shown to improve performance inathletes, endocrine response to exercise stress,and decrease muscle damage

Effective supplement for combatingexerciseinduced stress by blunting theexerciseinduced increase in cortisol levels in adose dependent manner

Promotes a desirable hormonal balance forathletes and might attenuate the physiologicaldeterioration that accompanies overtrainingand/or overstretching

Shown to enhance mood in a cohort of youngpeople during mental stress

Strengthen your memory

Increase vigilance and attention

Boost learning

Increase mental acuity

Intensify your concentration

Relieve depression and improve mood

Inhibit exercise and stress induced increases incortisol

Decrease stress—for both young and old

Effective at reducing stress and anxiety levels

In fact, due to the increase in Dopamineproduction it is also quite likely to beresponsible for inducing an overall feeling ofwellbeing and improving one’s mood ingeneral

The Dopamine has even been shown essentialto memory, attention, and problem solvingabilities

Generally Recognized As Safe by the FDA

A 2002 safety report determinedsupplementation in elder people at a dosage of200 mg three times daily to be safe

Well validated through clinical research andproven safe in standard toxicology tests

There have already been a large number ofhuman tests and studies related toPhosphatidylserine

It has been well validated with a flawless safetyrecord through both clinical research andstandard toxicology tests

The supplement has been proven compatiblewith a wide range of medications

It is also welltolerated not only by healthyadults but also elderly patients with heartdisease, high blood pressure, and a number ofother medical conditions and issues

In other words, nearly anyone can safely takethis supplement

There have been a few side effects associatedwith this supplement, although they aregenerally quite rare and mild

These can include insomnia and stomach upsetor other GI issues

Solubility: lipid soluble, take with fatmorning/noon

Recommended: 800mg a day

Others: 400mg 13 times a day

Minimum: 400mg a day

Maximum: 5000mg a day

Halflife: 2024 hours, 1630 hours

Peak plasma time: rose after 1 hour, peak at 34hours

One of the most important effects of is toincrease choline supply in the brain

Hydrophobic lipid that is found in the fattysubstance lecithin

Are almost always derived from the lecithin insoy (GMO free)

Critical substance used in the process ofcreating other lipids that help the brainfunction

Something as essential as the Omega3 DHA,oleic acid, linoleic acid, and linolenic acid are allproduced through a process calledphospholipase A2catalyzed hydrolysis

This process morphs Phosphatidylcholine intovarious, and important, fatty acids

Those brain fatty acids assist synaptictransmission in the hippocampus byconnecting to certain receptors

When protein kinase C interacts withpresynaptic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, itallows for these fatty acids to target thereceptor

Since these fatty acids interact with certainacetylcholine receptors and acetylcholine isimportant to cognition

These fatty acids are thus presumed to beimportant for learning and memory

Can be found in eggs, soybeans, mustard,sunflower, and other foods

Phosphatidylcholine is a vital substance foundin every cell of the human body

Used to build and repair new cell membranes

One of the most important effects of is toincrease choline supply in the brain

Can be broken down in the brain into cholineand sphingomyelin

Sphingomyelin is thought to be essential in thedevelopment and protection of nerve cells

Choline is a precursor to synthesizeAcetylcholine, which is a neurotransmitter thatis used in a number of cognitive processes

Plays a vital role in the underlying processesinvolved in memory and learning to attentionand sensory perception

Can improve longterm memory storage,learning capacity, fluid intelligence, reasoningand focus

Boost your memory, enhance intellectual skills,improve the health of your brain and evenincrease concentration

Can improve spatial learning and memory

Positive effects on human cognition

Has a positive effect on brain cell health andcan enhance neuroplasticity

By ensuring the integrity of your neuronmembranes, you can make meaningfulimprovements to cognitive functioning andneuron communication

Exhibits effects as a modulator of inflammation

Has even shown to promote a healthy intestinaltract

May also be a gradual and effectiveantiinflammatory, specifically for the gut

May also aid in the transport and delivery oflipids throughout the body (controlled by theliver), help in membrane mediated cellsignaling, and the activation of a number ofother enzymes

Supports liver repair and protecting against allthree forms of hepatitis

Helps to avoid a buildup of fatty acids andother fat cells within the liver

There is also evidence that this supplementmay boost the immune system and help toprotect against infections and disease

Benefits involve energy metabolism of fattyacids and the transportation of fats through cellmembranes

Neuropsychiatric Disorders

Skin Health

Fat Metabolism

Liver Health

Weight Loss

Phosphatidylcholine has shown to beremarkably safe in many scientific studies

Most side effects are mild, and transitory innature

Naturally occurring in foods we eat

Decades of scientific study proving its safety

Approved as safe to consume in over thecounter supplements

Phosphatidylcholine is safe with low risk ofserious side effects

There are no warnings or notable drug ormedication interactions to worry about, either

Some of the mild side effects associated withPhosphatidylcholine are excessive sweating,diarrhea, and upset stomach

These are generally only present when taken inhigher dose levels

Solubility: fat soluble, take with meals

Recommended: 400mg a day, 4 times a week

Others: 200600mg divided into two doses aday

Minimum: 200mg a day

Maximum: 1200mg a day

Halflife: 5 hours

Peak plasma time: 2060 minutes

Effects duration: 68 hours

Synthetic molecule which consists of twoThiamine (Vitamin B1) molecules boundtogether by a sulfur group

Crosses the bloodbrain barrier fairly efficiently

Raises the levels of thiamine and thiaminephosphate esters in the brain

May be helpful with neurotransmission

Potentiation of cholinergic, dopaminergic, andglutamatergic transmission

Improves memory and episodic memory

Useful in alleviating fatigue

Increase motivation byenhancing the effects ofdopamine

Increase in energy and mental alertness

Promote increased brain energy and cognitivefunction

Generally improved mood and enhancedfeeling of wellbeing

Helping users to convert food into energy moreefficiently

Improvement of strength to relaxation

Used by athletes interested in improving notonly strength but also recovery time

Known to help improve one's stamina andendurance

Sulbutiamine has few reportedadverse effects at therapeuticdosages

In one study involving 1772 patients, a dose of400mg per day produced side effects in 0.6% ofpeople

The most noted effect was nausea (0.3%)

Some respond well with high dosages whileothers don't. It is advised to start low and seehow you react.

Some may experience headaches at ahigh dose. Recommended pair withcholine.

Solubility: water soluble, take on an emptystomach morning/noon

Recommended: 1000mg a day

Others: 500mg a day

Others: 500mg 2 times a day

Others: 1500mg a day

Minimum: 500mg a day

Maximum: 2500mg a day

There is no need to cycle. Taken regularly, itshould continue to be effective longterm

Halflife: 4.2 hours

Involved in energy metabolism andmitochondrial protection

It is made in the body, but can also beconsumed through food

Able to alleviate the effects of aging anddisease on mitochondria

While increasing the mitochondria’s potentialto burn fat

ALCAR can also protect neurons and repaircertain damage, such as that caused bydiabetes and diabetic neuropathy

A derived form of the amino acid Lysine

The name is a reference to the fact that it wasfirst isolated from meat

Often used as a brain booster, due to its abilityto increase alertness and mitochondrialcapacity while providing support for theneurons

Thought to help increase the release and/orproduction of a powerful neurotransmitterknown as Acetylcholine. This neurotransmitterplays a vital role in memory formation, learningcapacity, and a number of additional cognitiveprocesses

Many users also report having a sense orfeeling of mental energy, clarity of thought, andcalm focus

Shown to be very effective at alleviating theside effects of aging, like neurological declineand chronic fatigue

Benefit of being a powerful antioxidant

Helps to improve the efficiency ofcommunication between neurons within thebrain

Also a very safe method of improving insulinsensitivity and blood vessel health, particularlyfor people with delicate or weakened cardiachealth

ALCAR can also protect neurons and repaircertain damage, such as that caused bydiabetes and diabetic neuropathy

Theoretically, ALCAR supplementation for fatburning should work well, but studies onALCAR in isolation do not show very goodresults. Fat loss is typically attributed to theincreased activity done by people, from theincreased energy they have from ALCARsupplementation

Can help with a number of health issues andconditions, including promoting heart healthand reducing nerve pain

It helps boost motivation and promotes fat loss

Potential to improve the brain

Acetyl LCarnitine has been shown to reduceethanolinduced neurotoxicity in mice

Can enhance athletic performance

ALCAR can also be safely combined with anumber of other Nootropic type supplements.This has been known to help increase orpotentiate effects, making them both moreeffective together than if taken separately

AcetylLcarnitine is LIKELY SAFE for mostadults. It can cause some side effects includingstomach upset, nausea, vomiting, andrestlessness. It can cause a "fishy" odor of theurine, breath, and sweat

More common: abdominal or stomach cramps,diarrhea, headache, nausea or vomiting

Less common: abdominal discomfort, bodyodor, depression, dizziness, impaired vision,loss of appetite or weight, swelling in hands,lower legs, and feet tingling sensation,weakness

Solubility: water soluble, take on an emptystomach morning/noon

Recommended: 350mg a day

Others: 350500mg a day

Minimum: 350mg a day

Maximum: 500mg a day

Dosage range for LTyrosine (not NALT) is5002000mg

Nonessential amino acid that can besynthesized in the body from Phenylalanine

Parent compound in the creation of a numberhormones and neurotransmitters

Taken and altered via DOPA decarboxylase,LDopa transforms into dopamine, but the usesdo not stop there. LDopa can also convertinto a myriad of different chemicals importantto mental functioning

Some of the most important of theseneurotransmitters include dopamine, DOPA,norepinephrine, epinephrine, and more

To make dopamine, the body uses LTyrosine

It is also essential in the production of the skinpigment melanin

Ldopa is also converted to the neuronalpigment melanin. The synthesis of melanin isconsidered a protective process because thesynthesis itself forces the removal of quinoneswhich can cause neurotoxicity. Melanincontinues to be a neuroprotective by chelatingand accumulating metals, even mercury andlead

Dietary sources of this amino acid include meat,eggs, fish, oats, and dairy products

Able to protect the nerves from toxins and it iseven able to cross the bloodbrain barrier,which is one of the reasons why it is effective atraising the levels of key neurotransmitters

NAcetylLTyrosine is a form believed to bemuch more easily absorbed than straightLTyrosine for the body; therefore, requires amuch lower dosage

Plays the role as a control element, helping anumber of organs function that are responsiblefor creation and regulation of a number ofhormones. This includes the adrenal, thyroid,and pituitary glands. Additionally, thissupplement is involved in the structure ofalmost every protein in the body

Important amino acid when the body is understress. It is critically involved in the productionof stress hormones, especially epinephrine andnorepinephrine

High dosages of this amino acid supplementcan cause restlessness, anxiety and insomniawhich can be aggravated by consumingcaffeinated drinks

Can sharpen the memory, if taken on a regularbasis

Can enhance alertness and focus

Can be useful for weight loss. It does this byimproving some of the neurobiologicaldisturbances typically caused by dietaryrestrictions

Helps the body adjust to situations of cold andfatigue

Can also boost mood, it does this by helpingyou relax and as well as calming nerves andanxiety

Without proper amounts of this supplementsome studies suggest that memory andperformance may suffer

There is also some evidence suggesting thatafter sleep deprivation it can help peoplebecome much more alert

Keep your doctor informed before taking anykind of Tyrosine supplement. People on MAOinhibitors should not take Nacetylltyrosine

Tyrosine is LIKELY SAFE in food amounts andPOSSIBLY SAFE when taken by adultsshortterm in medicinal amounts or applied tothe skin. Tyrosine seems to be safe when usedin doses up to 150 mg/kg per day for up to 3months. Some people experience side effectssuch as nausea, headache, fatigue, heartburn,and joint pain.

L Tyrosine side effects can includeoverstimulation, restlessness, anxiety, andinsomnia. Rapid heart beat, heart palpitationsor arrhythmias are potential side effects thatoccur from high doses. Can occur in sensitiveindividuals

Too high a dose can cause side effects such asirritability, restlessness, anxiety, and heartrhythm problems

Solubility: water soluble, take on an emptystomach morning/noon; can be taken with orwithout food

Recommended: 100mg 2 times a daymorning/night

Others: 50mg a day

Others: 100mg a day

Others 200mg a day can be taken prior to sleep

Others: 50200mg a day

Minimum: 50mg a day

Maximum: 200mg a day

Halflife: 36 hours

Naturally occurring amino acid

Amino acid found most commonly in green tea(Camellia sinensis)

Form of LGlutamic acid and can increase alphawaves in the brain

Alpha waves promote a feeling of relaxedalertness

There’s some evidence to suggest that theaninecould exert it’s effects from blocking glutamatereceptors thus lowering ANS activity andreducing the stress response

Research found theanine is able to bind toglutamate receptors, but at has a significantlylower affinity than glutamic acid

Appears to possess some GABAeric activity

In rats, an injection of theanine was found toincrease cerebral GABA contcentrations by19.8%

Theanine does not appear to be a direct GABAanalogue

Has shown to have effects on serotonin,dopamine, GABA, and other neurotransmittersincluding norepinephrine

Its increases of GABA in the brain help loweractivity in the adrenaline systems, anotherpathway to promote a sense of calm

Increased alpha waves, which are associatedwith selective attention mechanisms andmental alertness

Both attention promoting and relaxationproperties

Promote a sense of calm

Improved delayed recognition and immediaterecall scores with no effect on visuospatialmemory via the ReyKim test

Shown to not only reduce stress but alsopromote lifespan, health, and focus

Might find yourself relaxing and taking on lifein calm, alert, and productive way

Ability to benefit cognitive and mental states,help counteract betaamyloid formation,possibly improve body mass, and supporthealthy blood pressure

Scientific studies have concluded that astrengthened immune system is one of thebenefits of ltheanine

Some evidence suggests that through its stressfighting mechanisms, LTheanine could helpimprove the quality and length of life

Can support recovery from the highactivitymental state caused by rigorous exercise. Itdoes this by bringing brain waves back tonormal levels quickly and helps promotemental regeneration

When used in combination with caffeine, canhelp reduce the increase in blood pressure thatresults from the stimulation of caffeine. Canalso eliminate the jittery, overwired feelingcaffeine can sometimes cause, and, on top ofthat, synergistically increases the cognitivebenefit of caffeine. For this reason, many oftencombine LTheaine and caffeine to create apotent and popular nootropic stack

It is considered safe and is welltolerated inhumans

The oral ingestion of 99% theanine did notproduce toxicity in rats at 6,500 mg/kg for 2weeks or 2,000 mg/kg over a 28 day time frameaccording to reports. Having 5% of a diet astheanine for 78 weeks also did not producetoxic effects. In a 13 week toxicity test in rats, aNo Observable Adverse Effect Limit (NOAEL) of4,000 mg/kg bodyweight was established,which was the highest dose tested

Solubility: water soluble, take on an emptystomach morning/noon

Recommended: 1000mg a day

Others: 5002000mg a day

Minimum: 500mg a day

Maximum: 2000mg a day

The most abundant free amino acid found inthe body

Is unique in that it is able to perform a numberof functions individually without beingconnected to other proteins

Nonessential amino acid and is found in foodssuch as meat, fish, and dairy products;however, supplementation provides superiorlevels of taurine

Digesting fat and absorbing fat solubleminerals

Regulates mineral balance, especially calcium,magnesium, sodium, and potassium

Performs as a cell volumizer, drawing water intothe muscles and leading to greater nutrientabsorption

Increases the efficiency and output ofneurotransmitters within the brain

Also acts as an agonist for GABA and otherneurotransmitters found within the brain andnervous system

Can also benefit the mind and cognition byincreasing the efficiency and output ofneurotransmitters within the brain, boostingcognitive and mental activity

Directly stimulates relaxation and reducesanxiety

Found to have a protective effect on the brain

Can significantly reduce anxiety, while helpingto improve mental focus

Helps to regulate transitions between sleep andwakefulness

A popular training aid for weight lifters andother athletes

Plays a role in achieving and maintaining ahealthy body composition by digesting fat andabsorbing fat soluble minerals

Can help to reduce swelling and inflammationresulting from traumatic brain injury

Also great for your eyes, there are highamounts of this compound found in the retina,you can also improve and protect your eyesight

Evidence shows that it is capable of protectingagainst the effects of macular degeneration

The upper limit for which one can be relativelyassured no side effects will occur over a lifetimehas been suggested to be 3g a day

People enrolled in research studies have notreported any side effects connected with theuse of taurine

Solubility: water soluble, take with food out ofprudence, not an absolute requirement

Recommended: 300 mg a day

Others: 150250mg 12 times a day

Minimum: 150mg a day

Maximum: 500mg a day

Halflife: 25 hours

Peak plasma time: 12 hours

Naturally occurring substance manufactured bythe liver

It is a nucleotide and is an important buildingblock of Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)

Increases the synthesis of cellular membranes,because of major building blocks of RNA

RNA has an integral role in the formation andencoding of memories via LongTermPotentiation

Can be found in many different dietary sourceslike tomatoes, broccoli, beer, and brewer'syeast

Monophosphate form of the supplement is lessexpensive and may be taken orally orsublingually

Increases the synthesis of cellular membranes

Glycosylated pyrimidineanalog containinguracil attached to a ribose ring (or morespecifically, a ribofuranose) via aβN1glycosidic bond

Thought to benefit synaptic functions due toincreasing levels of brain phosphatidylcholine,which is a component of dendrite membranes

Via providing phoshpatidylcholine, Uridinesupposedly helps to create membranes anddendrites which may aid synaptic function

Activation of the P2Y2 receptor appears topromote the actions of NGF via its ownreceptor (TrkA), which ultimately appears thatagonists of the P2Y2 receptor augmentNGFinduced neuronal growth

Appears to enhance dopamine output fromactivated neurons without significantlyaffecting basal levels of dopamine

Thought to aid Alzheimer's Disease due tohelping with synaptic connections, whichappear to be reduced in the state ofAlzheimer's

Uridine administration increases CDPcholinelevels in the brain

Can increase brain phosphocholine levels inrats and humans where a 36% in choline levelsin serum result in an increase of 1022%phosphocholine in the brain

Increases the synthesis of cellular membranes

Synergistic with Fish Oil

Potentially cognitive enhancing properties

Thought to have cognitive benefits

Can help to improve both working memory andfluid intelligence

Better memory function

Can allow you to write, read, or simply justconcentrate on a task at hand with what seemslike much less conscious effort

Helpful in enhancing the neurons of the brain

Protecting the brain itself to some degree,working synergistically with fish oil

Method to improve age related memory loss

Boosts mood by increasing levels of dopaminein the brain

Which not only improves your mood but yourmotivation, anxiety, and energy as well

Increases the synthesis of a powerful brainchemical known as phosphatidylcholine

Then it increases the production of neurites

Neurites are projections from neurons, and arecapable of either sending or receiving signalsfrom the neurons

Essentially, more neurites means more possibleconnections within the brain

Can help to slow down the process of brainaging

Repairs brain membrane fluidity, so scientiststhink that it might actually improve the healthof your brain cells

As far as side effects are concerned, Uridine is avery safe and welltolerated supplement

It can be taken by every healthy adult

As long as the dosage recommendations arefollowed, the only side effects that might bepresent include headaches, fatigue,nervousness, and some gastrointestinal distress

Of course, these are usually very mild andusually the result of taking too large of a dose

There is also some evidence to suggest thatthis supplement may lower levels of vitaminB12

The solution to this is to take a B12 and B9supplement

Other studies have shown that the Omega3supplement DHA is synergistic when taken incombination with Uridine

Solubility: lipid soluble, take with fatmorning/noon

Recommended: 800mg a day

Others: 400mg 13 times a day

Minimum: 400mg a day

Maximum: 5000mg a day

Halflife: 2024 hours, 1630 hours

Peak plasma time: rose after 1 hour, peak at 34hours

One of the most important effects of is toincrease choline supply in the brain

Hydrophobic lipid that is found in the fattysubstance lecithin

Are almost always derived from the lecithin insoy (GMO free)

Critical substance used in the process ofcreating other lipids that help the brainfunction

Something as essential as the Omega3 DHA,oleic acid, linoleic acid, and linolenic acid are allproduced through a process calledphospholipase A2catalyzed hydrolysis

This process morphs Phosphatidylcholine intovarious, and important, fatty acids

Those brain fatty acids assist synaptictransmission in the hippocampus byconnecting to certain receptors

When protein kinase C interacts withpresynaptic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, itallows for these fatty acids to target thereceptor

Since these fatty acids interact with certainacetylcholine receptors and acetylcholine isimportant to cognition

These fatty acids are thus presumed to beimportant for learning and memory

Can be found in eggs, soybeans, mustard,sunflower, and other foods

Phosphatidylcholine is a vital substance foundin every cell of the human body

Used to build and repair new cell membranes

One of the most important effects of is toincrease choline supply in the brain

Can be broken down in the brain into cholineand sphingomyelin

Sphingomyelin is thought to be essential in thedevelopment and protection of nerve cells

Choline is a precursor to synthesizeAcetylcholine, which is a neurotransmitter thatis used in a number of cognitive processes

Plays a vital role in the underlying processesinvolved in memory and learning to attentionand sensory perception

Can improve longterm memory storage,learning capacity, fluid intelligence, reasoningand focus

Boost your memory, enhance intellectual skills,improve the health of your brain and evenincrease concentration

Can improve spatial learning and memory

Positive effects on human cognition

Has a positive effect on brain cell health andcan enhance neuroplasticity

By ensuring the integrity of your neuronmembranes, you can make meaningfulimprovements to cognitive functioning andneuron communication

Exhibits effects as a modulator of inflammation

Has even shown to promote a healthy intestinaltract

May also be a gradual and effectiveantiinflammatory, specifically for the gut

May also aid in the transport and delivery oflipids throughout the body (controlled by theliver), help in membrane mediated cellsignaling, and the activation of a number ofother enzymes

Supports liver repair and protecting against allthree forms of hepatitis

Helps to avoid a buildup of fatty acids andother fat cells within the liver

There is also evidence that this supplementmay boost the immune system and help toprotect against infections and disease

Benefits involve energy metabolism of fattyacids and the transportation of fats through cellmembranes

Neuropsychiatric Disorders

Skin Health

Fat Metabolism

Liver Health

Weight Loss

Phosphatidylcholine has shown to beremarkably safe in many scientific studies

Most side effects are mild, and transitory innature

Naturally occurring in foods we eat

Decades of scientific study proving its safety

Approved as safe to consume in over thecounter supplements

Phosphatidylcholine is safe with low risk ofserious side effects

There are no warnings or notable drug ormedication interactions to worry about, either

Some of the mild side effects associated withPhosphatidylcholine are excessive sweating,diarrhea, and upset stomach

These are generally only present when taken inhigher dose levels

Solubility: water soluble, take on an emptystomach morning/noon

Recommended: 1000mg a day

Others: 500mg 2 times a day

Others: 1500mg a day

Minimum: 500mg a day

Maximum: 3500mg a day

Halflife: 5 hours

Choline acts as a precursor for a variety ofphospholipids (cell membranes) andneurotransmitters

Specifically, acetylcholine (a neurotransmitter)is produced with choline as the essentialnutrient behind it

These neurotransmitters are involved in somecrucial brainbody activity, ranging frommemory and cognition to muscle control andreflexes

Choline is found naturally in many fatty foodsincluding red meat and eggs

Choline Bitartrate is simply Choline combinedwith a chemical salt to help its absorption

Once entering the bloodstream the next stepfor this supplement is to cross over thebloodbrain barrier and then enter into thecentral nervous system

It first has to be converted into a different formso not all of the Choline Bitartrate you consumewill actually make it to your brain

Aids in the synthesis and storage ofAcetylcholine

Choline also is essential to the properfunctioning of the brain and nervous system

Most choline in the body is located in fatmolecules called phospholipids

Essential nutrient

Improved memory and learning abilities

Helps them to recall details faster and moreefficiently with much less effort

Mental fluidity is improved, meaning that doingtasks like writing, thinking, or even holdingconversations is much easier and with lesseffort

Essential to the proper functioning of the brainand nervous system

Helps with muscle contraction and movement,even playing a role in coordination

Helps fight off arteriosclerosis and a number ofmemory related diseases and issues

Supports nerve development and the growthand production of cell membranes

It also actually repairs old and worn out cellmembranes, helping them to continuefunctioning properly

Transports fat throughout the body which canalso aid in weight loss

Generally well tolerated and very safe it is stillpossible to lead to issues like stomachproblems (pain, diarrhea, vomiting)

When taken in dosages higher than thoseordinarily recommended users might see somedizziness, low blood pressure, increasedperspiration and salivation, and/or a fishy bodyodor

If any of these effects present themselves, thebest idea is to either discontinue use for a littlewhile, or reduce the dose back to therecommended levels

Solubility: water soluble, take onan empty stomachmorning/noon

Recommended complementinga stack: 15001600mg a day

Others: 30005000mg a day

Others: 1600mg 3 times a day

Others: 2400mg twice a day

Others: 12004800mg a day

Minimum: 8001200mg a day

Maximum: 1000020000mg a day

Halflife: 45 hours, average 5 hours

Peak plasma time: 20 min 1.5 hours

Effects duration: 46 hours

May take 14 days to notice benefits

Peak benefits may not be noticed until up to 90days

Influences neuronal and vascular functions

Influences cogntivie function without acting asa sedative or stimulant

Positive allosteric modulator of the AMPAreceptor

Improves the function of the neurotransmitteracetylcholine via muscarinic cholinergic (ACh)receptors

May have an effect on NMDA glutamatereceptors, which are involved with learning andmemory processes

Increase cell membrane permeability

Increases Cerebral Phospholipids & CellularMembrane Fluidity

By increasing Glucose Utilization, Blood &Oxygen Flow

Stimulates the Corpus Callosum

Stimulates the Locus Coeruleus

Enhances Brain Metabolism

Increase Nerve Growth

Create more synapses and connections

Greater memory retention and improvedlearning

Enhance verbal memory in healthy collegestudents

Treating cognitive impairment in alcoholism

May lower depression and anxiety, howeverdepression may be an adverse effect

Mild boost to brain function

Increases communicationbetween both hemispheres

Involved in speech and creative thinking,creativity boosts

Involved in information processing, attention,cortical/behavioral arousal, learning andmemory

Has a significant antioxidant effect

Boosts mental energy & cerebral circulation

May be able to prevent or reduce signs ofAlzheimer's

Improving cognitive impairments

Improvement in overall mental performance,without mental impairment as well

Help perform better by increasing alertness tothe task at hand

Very few mild side effects, generally rare

Very low toxicity, very welltolerated

Side effects accociated with higher thanrecommended doses

Or in those who have sensitivity

No known drug interactions

Side effects include: headaches, nausea, fatigue,insomnia, GI tract issues, depression

Studies showed safe at mega doses of 2045g

Not recommended if you have prevousallergies, liver issues, kidney issues, brain issuesinvolved in cerrebral hemorrhaging, or underthe age of 16

Solubility: fatsoluble, take withfat morning/noon

Recommended: 750mg a day

Others: 7501000mg a day

Others: 750mg 13 times a day

Others: 1200mg 12 times a day

Minimum: 500750mg a day

Maximum: 2500mg a day

Halflife: about 2 hours

Peak plasma time 2030 minutes

Effects duration: 35 hours

May take 14 days to notice benefits

Peak benefits may not be noticed until up to 90days

Ampakine nootropic of the racetam chemicalclass

Selectively modulate the AMPA receptor

An Nside chain modified derivative of theoriginal racetam

Very potent racetam and for being anampakine

One of the main functions is on the glutamatesystem in the brain

Glutamate is a potent neurotransmitter

But the brain happens to become easilydesensitized to its presence

This means that you need more and moreglutamate to get the same effect

Shown to decrease sensitivity to glutamate

Meaning that the same amount of glutamatehas more effectiveness

Can increase the effects of glutamate whichleads to an increase in brain activity

Increases glutamate by slowing the kinetics offast synaptic transmission

Raise glutamate caused currents in wholecellrecordings

Indirectly contributes to neurotransmission viaactivating nicotinic (postsynaptic)acetylcholine receptors

Thus contributing to the cholinergic(acetylcholineproducing) system

Ability to shoot up cognitive test scores by asmuch as 30%

Central nervous system support and cognitiveenhancement

Promote formation of new synapses

Exhibit neuroprotection towardsartificiallyinduced amnesia

Enhance synaptic plasticity

Cognition enhancement and antidepressanteffects

Shown potential as an anxiolytic

Catered to creativity and holistic thinking

Helps with I/O, getting things into thememory and getting things out of thememory

Very few mild side effects, generally rare

Very low toxicity, very welltolerated

Side effects accociated with higher thanrecommended doses

Or in those who have sensitivity

No known drug interactions

Side effects include: headaches, nausea, fatigue,insomnia, GI tract issues, depression

Not recommended if you have prevousallergies, liver issues, kidney issues, brain issuesinvolved in cerrebral hemorrhaging, or underthe age of 16

Solubility: water soluble, take on an emptystomach morning/noon

Recommended: 750mg a day

Others: 750mg 12 times a day

Others: 800mg 12 times a day

Others: 600mg 12 times a day

Others: 1200mg 12 times a day

Minimum: 600mg

Maximum: 4800mg

Halflife: 8 hours

Peak plasma time: 1530 minutes

Effects duration: 25 hours

Has strong oral bioavailability compared tosome of its racetam family members

Ability to bring about longlasting increases inneurotransmission in certain synapses

May also be blocking NMDAreceptorantagonists

Possibility that it increases NMDAreceptorsensitivity, requiring less activity for greatereffect

Works a bit differently than Aniracetam orPramiracetam,

Even though the direct mechanisms of theracetams are still up for debate

Strengthens the septum pellucidum

Improve memory and learning while helpingsupport the brain and keep it healthy

Support semantic memory, verbal recall, andreading

Improve overall cognitive functions

Including the ability to think more clearly,faster, and fluidly

Attention, focus, concentration, and motivationare also improved, sometimes significantly

Mild stimulant properties

Highly stimulated and able to focus

Improvement in spatial and contextual learningabilities

Specifically considered to beeffective at increasing logicalthinking ability

And other skills related to critical and analyticalreasoning

Makes it easier to understandtechnical information

Very few mild side effects, generally rare

Very low toxicity, very welltolerated

Side effects accociated with higher thanrecommended doses

Or in those who have sensitivity

No known drug interactions

Side effects include: headaches, nausea, fatigue,insomnia, GI tract issues, depression

Not recommended if you have prevousallergies, liver issues, kidney issues, brain issuesinvolved in cerrebral hemorrhaging, or underthe age of 16

May be prone to irritability and highlyimpatient due to speediness

Solubility: fatsoluble, take with fatmorning/noon

Recommended: 200mg a day

Others: 150mg a day

Others: 200mg 12 times a day

Others: 250mg 13 times a day

Others: 300mg 12 times a day

Others: 300500mg 12 times a day

Minimum: 100mg

Maximum: 1200mg

Halflife: 28 hours dose dependent, average 6hours

Peak plasma time: 12 hours, felt after 20minutes

Effects duration: 8 hours, all day

Has a dipropan2ylaminoethyl group ratherthan an amide

Remarkable for high oralbioavailability andhigh potency

As with other racetams, the direct mechanism isnot fully known

It has been conjectured that racetams increaseacetylcholine receptors,

Or are antioxidants, but more study is required

Speculation that racetams interact heavily withglutamate receptors

But, again, the action is unclear

Most likely works by increasing cholinergicneuronal impulse flow

In specific regions of the brain based on certainin vitro observations

Indirectly increases activity in the hippocampus

Increase cholinergic function and activity

Via increased highaffinity choline uptake, orHACU in the hippocampus

Improved memory

Reduced delayed verbal recall

Evidence suggesting superior to originalracetamin

Helping with retrieval and orientation

Improve some test scores on cognitive abilityup to three hours after being taken

Increase cerebral blood flow

Improved reference (longterm) memory

Improved spatial and learning

Exhibit neuroprotection towards artifically(scopolamine)induced amnesia

Via HACU, or pumping acetylcholine synthesisand release

Very few mild side effects, generally rare

Very low toxicity, very welltolerated

Side effects accociated with higher thanrecommended doses

Or in those who have sensitivity

No known drug interactions

Side effects include: headaches, nausea, fatigue,insomnia, GI tract issues, depression

No adverse events were reported in a study where 24healthy male humans were treated 1200mg/day for 10days to reduce artificiallyinduced cognitiveimpairment

May increase nitric oxide synthase (NOS)activity with extremely high doses overtime

Not recommended if you have prevousallergies, liver issues, kidney issues, brain issuesinvolved in cerrebral hemorrhaging, or underthe age of 16

Solubility: watersoluble, take on an emptystomach morning/noon

Recommended: 200mg twice a week

Others: 100mg 13 times a day 14 times aweek

Minimum: 100mg

Maximum: 600mg

Not to be taken daily

Used in the short term when needed

Easy to become tolerant

Reduced effectiveness if taken daily for a longperoid of time

Recommended cycling 13 times a week

Halflife: 35 hours

Peak plasma time: 30 minutes 2 hour

Effects duration: about 210 hours, long lasting

May take a few days/high doses to noticeeffects

Derivative of piracetam and is estimated to be30 to 60 times more effective

One extra molecule from the Phenyl group wasadded it became remarkably more potent

Can transcend the bloodbrain barrier withgreater ease than many others nootropics

Effects are fast acting and last longer as well

Acetylcholine density is increased within thehippocampus

The area used for longterm memory

Influence on GABA and dopamine receptors

Improved memory

Potentially significantly improved recall

Increased learning capacity

Better concentration

More focus and mental energy

Greater mental energy

Eliminates brain fog

Reduction in motion sickness

Reduction in fear and anxiety

Increase in cold tolerance

Ability to function on far less sleep than usual

Boosted recall speed and even motivation

Increases physical stamina, endurance andrecovery

Improves body's reaction to stress

Very few mild side effects, generally rare

Very low toxicity, very welltolerated

Side effects accociated with higher thanrecommended doses

Or in those who have sensitivity

No known drug interactions

Side effects include: headaches, nausea, fatigue,insomnia, GI tract issues, depression

Not recommended if you have prevousallergies, liver issues, kidney issues, brain issuesinvolved in cerrebral hemorrhaging, or underthe age of 16

Recommended: 1000mg a daymorning empty stomach

Minimum: 100mg a day

Maximum: 2000mg a day

Considered one of the most importantsupplements in basic health care

Serves a variety of purposes ranging fromboosting liver health to antioxidant properties

Is a prodrug of Lcysteine, which is a precursorto the antioxidant gluthathione

Functions as an antioxidant primarily throughthe synthesis of gluthathione

Gluthathione is vital to an antioxidative cyclethat isolates and detains free radicals; however,gluthathione eventually degrades

Able to accelerate the rate at whichgluthathione is produced

Also an antiinflammatory agent, particularly inregards to illnesses of the bowels

Also stimulates the release of dopamine, whichis able to boost mood and reduce anxiety

Also able to reduce symptoms related toanxiety such as nail biting and skin picking

Has a number of positive implications for lunghealth

Able to reduce mucus, flu symptoms, and anumber of other benefits

Supports liver health

NAC is well tolerated by most individuals

The most common side effects are nausea andconstipation

Interacts poorly with nitroglycerin and activatedcharcoal, so they should not be taken at thesame time

Recommended: 400mg a daymorning empty stomach

Others: 200mg 12 times a day

Minimum: 50mg a day

Maximum: 400mg a day

Fat soluble, but does not require fat forabsorbtion and can be taken on an emptystomach

Fatty acid that plays a crucial role in energymetabolism

Found in very small amounts in meats as wellas some fruits and vegetables

Able to help fight against certain types ofoxidation and inflammation

Most prominent benefit is its ability to workwith mitochondria in the blood stream toreduce oxidation by Increasing the level ofantioxidant enzymes in the body

Fight the aging process by reducing oxidativedamage in neuronal cells

Excellent antiinflammatory agent

Known mimic a caloric surplus, which can inturn improve the body's ability to lose weightby suppressing appetite

Speculated that it can work to reduce bloodglucose due to its ability to help controlmetabolic energy

Can increase energy levels in higher dosages

Possible side effects include headaches or atingling sensation that could be likened to pinsand needles, neither of which are signs ofserious issues

Recommended: 1000mg a day

Minimum: 80mg a day

Maximum: 2000mg a day

Stack with 20mg of piperine,phosphatidylcholine, and fish oil to improve bioavailability

Synergizes particularly well with piperine,greatly increasing its bioavailability

Paired with phosphatidylcholine to improvebioavailability

Also pairs well with fish oil to form an effectiveantioxidant team

Active ingredient in Turmeric and can also befound in ginger in minute quantities

Primarily used as a cholinergic and to improvejoint health

Is a neuroprotectant and nootropic

Incredibly effective at defending againstglutamate excitotoxicity, which causes neuronalcell death

Able to increase BrainDerived NeurotrophicFactor (BDNF), a secreted protein that is vital tothe survival and Proliferation of neurons withinthe brain

Able to reduce the negative influence stressexerts on cognition as well as prevent neuronalcell death caused by Corticosterone, a hormoneresponsible for how your body responds tostress

Evidence that it can reduce age related memoryloss by inhibiting the buildup of beta amyloid,a peptide Commonly found in age relateddegenerative diseases of the brain

Can also provide some analgesic (pain relief)benefits as well, particularly following an injuryor in persons with poor joint health

Benefits for joints include a reduction ofinflammation and stiffness with an increase inmobility

Able to stimulate autophagy, a process linkedwith longevity that is able to rid the body ofdamaged cells

When combined with DHA, a major componentof fish oil, curcumin is able to greatly promotehealthy breast cells

Recommended: 2000mg a day morning emptystomach

Minimum: 500mg a day

Maximum: 5000mg a day

A common practice is to take choline withinositol

Chemical found in beans, brown rice, corn, andother highfiber foods

It is considered a phtyonutrient, which accountsfor it's antioxidant properties

Used as a substrate, or building block, for manycompounds

Transmuted inside the body into many formswhich aid in the functioning and the firing ofneurons, and inositol Transporters are spreadthroughout the entire human brain

Facilitates the opening of calcium stores in thebrain which is critical for neurotransmitters likeserotonin to be Released and take effect

Through this effect on calcium, inositol iscritical in gene expression, although the directroutes are still uncertain

Neurogenesis, the creation of neurons in thebrain, is also related to some of the inositolforms that the body Creates through ingestedand endogenous inositol

Is an excellent antioxidant that blocks freeradicals

Supports heart health, kidney health, and liverhealth

Primary benefit of this type of inositol is itsability to promote cell health and inhibitmalignant cell growth

Recommended: 800mg a day morning emptystomach

Minimum: 200mg a day

Maximum: 1600mg a day

HalfLife: about 100 minutes

Peak Plasma Time: 35 hours

methyl donating compound that circulates inthe blood and provides methyl groups tomaintain other metabolic reactions

Lowered SAMe levels are associated withdepressive symptoms, and supplementationmay aid a partial deficiency

common cosubstrate involved in methyl grouptransfers

Transmethylation, transsulfuration, andaminopropylation are the metabolic pathwaysthat use SAM

most SAM is produced and consumed in theliver

More than 40 metabolic reactions involve thetransfer of a methyl group from SAM to varioussubstrates, such as nucleic acids, proteins,lipids and secondary metabolites

taking SAM on a regular basis may help fightdepression, liver disease, and the pain ofosteoarthritis

Gastrointestinal disorder, dyspepsia and anxietycan occur with SAM consumption

Longterm effects are unknown

SAM is a weak DNAalkylating agent

Another reported side effect of SAM isinsomnia; therefore, the supplement is oftentaken in the morning

Other reports of mild side effects include lackof appetite, constipation, nausea, dry mouth,sweating, and anxiety/nervousness, but inplacebocontrolled studies, these side effectsoccur at about the same incidence in theplacebo groups

Although sideeffects are not commonlyreported with SAMe, numerous studies note asmall set of participants who experience maniaafter supplementing SAMe

Recommended: 400mgmorning empty stomach

Minimum: 100mg a day

Maximum: 600mg a day

Plant used for more than 2000 years topromote longevity and general healthy,especially liver health

The two most popular commercial extracts ofMilk Thistle, silymarin and silibinin, are presentin high quantities within the seeds of the MilkThistle plant

has a wide array of flavolignan and flavanoidextracts including: silybin A, silybin B, isosilybinA, isosilybin B, silydianin, silychristin,isosilychristin, and taxifolin

This is one reason many people prefer to takethe full spectrum Milk Thistle plant as opposedto a single extract

Milk Thistle protects many different vitalsystems in the human body

Natural way to help restore and maintain ahealthy liver

Liver detoxification properties have beenrecognized for centuries

Can help maintain a healthier life by keepingbody detoxification high, and scientific studieson Milk Thistle have shown it to have protectiveproperties for liver tissue

antioxidant effects are widespread and workthrough many mechanisms

have demonstrated antioxidant capacitiesthrough multiple pathways

Recommended: 6000mg a daymorning empty stomach

Minimum: 5000mg a day

Maximum: 15000mg a day

Supplies three of the nine essential aminoacids, making it great support for anyone tryingto maintain positive overall health

Combination of three essential amino acids:Leucine, Isoleucine and Valine

They are combined in a 2:1:1 ratio, which hasbeen determined to be ideal for enhancing allof the benefits of this supplement

These specific amino acids count for a largepercentage of those within muscle tissue

Studies have shown that they account for 35%of all essential amino acids within muscleproteins and 40% of all the preformed aminoacids required by mammals for healthyfunctioning

The term instantized refers to the productsolubility, instantized dissolves better anddoesn't foam

The primary benefit of BCAAs is an increasedprotein synthesis

This makes it much easier to build and maintainmuscle mass

Preventing muscular breakdown and affectingprotein synthesis even faster

Leucine is helpful in reducing the cataboliceffects which dieting (and exercising) help tostimulate

Other benefits include improved blood sugarregulation and even helping to treat burnvictims

May have effects on different brain pathwayswhich lead to a decreased food intake andincreased basic metabolic rate

Recommended: 4000mgmorning empty stomach

Minimum: 3000mg a day

Maximum: 6000mg a day

May help the body produce protein

Known to have some positive effects on libido,though the results aren't conclusive

Known to aid in lowering blood pressureconditions in some individuals in some studies

Direct precursor to Nitric Oxide, which isresponsible for increased blow flow. Thisdirectly correlates to improved muscle pumpsand may improve your performance in the gym.Additionally, high doses of arginine can raiseinsulin levels further increasing Nitric Oxide andblood flow

May very well stimulate the creation of agrowth hormone in the body

Promoting growth in your body cansignificantly increase the abilities of any athlete,and it is especially valuable for promotinggrowth in areas of your body where that isdifficult to accomplish with traditional training

Can have a positive effect on mental troublessuch as stress and anxiety

A large amount of mental anguish can resultfrom stress being placed on an individual, andstress and anxiety are just some of thesymptoms that result from this

The doubleblind study done on this issueshowed that base levels of stress weresignificantly lowered by the supplement. It alsoshowed that the subjects had a decreased levelof cortisol

Cortisol has long been associated with stress inindividual humans

Benefits both to your physical and mentalwellbeing

Arginine is involved with ridding the body ofwaste and also in the synthesizing of proteins. This is why it's thought to have regenerativecapabilities when involved in various bodysystems

Recommended: 3000mg a daymorning with food

Minimum: 2000mg a day

Maximum: 5000mg a day

Promise of improving athletic performanceeven for the advanced, Beta Alanine is provingto be a new staple in the supplement cabinet

Nonessential (meaning it is made inside thehuman body) amino acid which is now beingused to increase athletic performance andrecovery

Shown to reduce and delay muscle fatigue,typically in preworkout stacks featuring othercomponents

While popular in the weight lifting community,also demonstrates an ability to assist inanaerobic running when taken regularly

Even more pronounced effect on older adults

The effects of Beta Alanine are not onlyestablished, but quite significant

Shown to be the ratelimiting factor when itcomes to producing carnosine, can increasemuscle carnosine synthesis

The longer you take the more and more itimproves carnosine levels which, in turn,improves athletic performance

Muscle carnosine is implicated in increasedmuscle buffering capacity and a decrease inhydrogen ions, which would account for theimprovement in running performance

When these hydrogen ions build up, the pHlevel of the muscle falls, and this interferes withmany metabolic processes required for musclemovement

Might work as an antioxidant, a helpful,sacrificial peptide, or a calcium sensitivitybooster in contractile fibers

Shown to improve its effect the longer you useit

Decrease muscle fatigue and increase thebody's responses to intense exercise

Recommended: 6000mg a day

Minimum: 2000mg a day

Maximum: 5000mg a day

Special type of sugar that is naturally producedby the body

Used to help improve athletic performance, thesymptoms of chronic fatigue disorder, and anumber of heart issues

A number of these conditions may have theirorigin in an energy crisis and DRibose, as asupplement, may help to increase the entireenergy production cycle

The main benefit is in the production of ATP,which is the most direct and essential form ofenergy within the human body

Shown to help deal with symptoms that wouldnormally result from the lack of energy; thesecan include cramping, pain, and even stiffness(especially after exercise)

Able to increase overall physical functioning

Increased tolerance for exercise, and evenbenefits to the heart

Plays a critical role in helping to rejuvenate andimprove heart function, especially in individualswith a history of heart problems

Able to protect heart muscle function and helpsfight off chronic fatigue syndrome

The improved blood pumping effect alsoimproves overall heart function and circulation.More blood is delivered to the skeletal muscleswhich will lead to less pain and fatigue thatmight otherwise result from exercise andphysical activity