A text is a piece of structured spoken or written lg

Competence

Text Analysis <- structural/formal level : how sentences are organized into larger unit/text

Start with linguistics forms and works outward to investigate in which context they are appropriate

Discourse: instances of lg use (lg produced as a result of an act of communication)

Performance

Discourse Analysis <- functional level: ways in which ppl put lg to use

Start with the communicative situations and works inward to find the formal linguistic correlates to the situational variables

Standards of textuality

A well- formed sentence is appropriate to its contexts in 3 ways

Semantic Cohesion (narrow sense)

Structural Cohesion (broad sense)

Different lg preferring diff cohesive devices

Aim of contrastive textual analysis is to find out the diff ways which diff lg conventionally (quy ước) use to organize concepts and propositions into an organic whole in order to convey a specific meaning

English texts are characterized by linear organization and development

Text produced by Romanance & Slavic language are marked by some twists and turns in their direction of narration (Milan Kundrea's book)

Typical texts generated in Semitic lg i.e Arabic & Jewish are known for their parallel structure: a balanced or coordinated arrangement of elements

Text produced by Chinese & Eastern ppl are characteristically by circullous in their way of expressing ideas

The CA of textual cohension & coherence is significant in that it can help bilingual workers as well as L2 learner to a better understanding of the diff between L1&L2 in respect of their textual organization and thereby develop textual competence to produce more idiomatic texts in L2

Code: a system of words, letters, figures, or other symbols substituded for other words, letters

Decontextualization: quá trình tiếp thu sv,ht khi tách chúng ra khỏi ngữ cảnh

Characteristics

Phonology

Morphology

Syntax

Semantics

tảng băng trên mặt nước

Sociolinguistics

Neurolinguistics

Anthropological linguistics

Linguistics Acquisition

tảng băng dưới nước

Lexicology

Comparative Historical Linguistics