the fluid is at rest, so the force acting on the 2 sides must be balanced (equal magnitude and direction

formula: phg

the pressure in a liquid has nothing to do with the shape of its container

if the shapes of 2 containers are different, but the height of the water level is the same, the liquid pressure at the same depth of both containers will be the same

Any change in pressure applied at any point on a confined fluid is transmitted undiminished throughout the fluid

P = Patm + phg

at a given level, the pressure p equals the external pressure (Patm) plus the pressure due to the weight of the over- lying liquid (phg) where h is the distance below the surface

Hydraulic system

Very common for pressure gauges to ignore atmospheric pressure

positive for values above atmospheric pressure

negative for values below atmospheric pressure

barometer